Regional Industrial Renewal: The Growth of 'Antenna Technology' in West Sweden

The article analyses how a technical knowledge field ('antenna technology') is developed and exploited in a region (West Sweden). To identify regional actors, the paper outlines a way of delineating a technical knowledge field and its changes over time. Drawing on this, an historical account is given of the international and the regional development, focusing on the changing and expanding nature of industries and markets (from military to civilian applications) and technologies. The paper emphasizes the long regional history, providing experience, which together with a number of diversifications, has given regional actors a platform from which to exploit the growing economic utility of the technical knowledge. It is also shown why some applications have not been exploited in the region.     

中国ICT行业创新网络弹性——基于专利数据的实证研究

基于复杂网络弹性的视角,运用专利数据分析了中国ICT行业创新网络的弹性。结论如下:整体来看,中国ICT行业的创新网络具有无标度网络结构特征,少数网络主体间存在技术知识的非对称性依赖,局部网络锁定效应降低了创新网络弹性,网络关系瓦解导致创新网络弹性下降;随着行业创新主体的不断增加,创新网络的均衡性和异质性增强,创新网络弹性整体呈上升趋势,中国ICT行业的创新网络抵抗外部不确定性因素冲击的适应性增强。     

中国高新技术产业集群知识外部性效应分析

近年来,中国科技体制改革取得重大成就,国家高新技术产业快速发展。知识外部性作为产业集群发展的驱动因素,其在创新生态系统中的溢出效应日益受到学者的重视。以91个城市国家级高新技术产业开发区为研究对象,对其知识外部性的Mar效应和Jac效应进行测度,并给出国家高新技术产业集群知识外部性的辐射范围,定量计算知识外部性对经济增长和技术进步的效应。结果表明:中国高新技术产业集聚过程中产业内知识溢出效应更大,西部地区高新技术产业集群Jac外部性对于区域经济增长更具有显著的正向作用。研究的创新点在于,同时兼论了Mar效应和Jac效应,将样本划分为东部、中部、西部和东北部进行测度和分析,研究结论更具有区域针对性。     

两岸科技合作治理的知识场域：范式构建与时空演进

在新时代党解决台湾问题的总体方略下,科技合作是推动两岸科技融合发展和祖国统一进程的重要组成部分。引入“知识场域”这一理论视角,构建基于结构性、关系性和实践性的两岸科技合作治理知识场域范式。从基本历程、空间特征、地区实践和共同叙事4个维度分析两岸科技合作治理的时空演进特征。讨论基础研究、专利合作与产业共通标准3类场景的实践效果,评估知识场域演化扰动因素。围绕两岸科技合作治理的内在规律和发展方向探讨现实挑战,对深化两岸科技融合具有重要意义。     

知识溢出创业理论:评述与未来研究方向

知识溢出创业理论认为，在位企业未利用或者未被充分利用的知识可以通过人才流动的方式溢出到社会中，从而形成创业机会。首先，梳理了知识溢出创业理论发展历程；然后，从国家、区域及企业3个层面论述了知识溢出创业理论研究现状和不足；最后，对知识溢出创业理论的未来研究方向进行了总结和展望。〖JP〗     

产业集聚与两阶段区域创新绩效——基于区域技术要素强度门槛的实证研究

基于价值链视角，将区域创新活动分为知识创新阶段和成果转化阶段，使用2009-2020年我国内地30个省级面板数据，以区域技术要素强度为门槛变量，探讨产业集聚对两阶段区域创新绩效的不同影响。研究发现，产业集聚对区域创新绩效的影响在两个阶段具有显著的非线性门槛特征。在知识创新阶段，随着区域技术要素强度提高，产业集聚对区域创新绩效的促进作用呈阶段性增强；在成果转化阶段，当区域技术要素强度提高时，产业集聚对区域创新绩效的影响表现为先抑制后促进。     

Innovating SMEs and Regions: The Need for Policy Intelligence and Interactive Policies

Based on the empirical findings achieved through comparative research involving 40 innovation policy instruments from 11 European regions, this paper proposes a shift in rationale and in the broad orientations of innovation policy to focus on addressing SMEs in their regional context. The main role for innovation policy, which aims to increase the capacity of a region and the capabilities of its SMEs to innovate, is to foster interactive learning within the firms and within the region. This calls for an interactive mode of policy intervention. The paper deals also with the question of how to build a coherent portfolio of policy instruments, taking into account both regional situations and specific SMEs needs in terms of innovation. The key message is that there is no 'one-size-fits-all' policy portfolio. Regional differences in innovation capabilities call for a tailored mix of policy instruments. One salient element of the conclusion is the need for more 'policy intelligence' in this complex field.     

Exploring the future of ecological genomics: Integrating CTA with vision assessment

Interactive approaches to technology development provide opportunities for the development of innovative technologies which clearly connect with social practices and address the positive and negative effects as perceived by relevant actors. The challenge is to start an interactive approach early in the development of new technologies, when many options are still open for exploration and there are good possibilities for steering. Early involvement of societal actors is, however, challenged by the absence of concrete applications on which they can develop their own visions from the perspective of their own needs, interests, norms and values. Integrating Constructive Technology Assessment (CTA) with vision assessment is proposed as an approach to overcome this dilemma in the field of ecological genomics and bridge the knowledge gap between parties closely involved with ecogenomics research and other relevant actors. We present, evaluate and discuss the process of identifying guiding visions of the technology developers as a first step in this approach and end with some suggestions on how desirable futures for ecogenomics can subsequently be assessed from the perspectives of different actors.     

试论区域科学学科体系

根据系统论的观点，本文构建了一种区域科学的学科体系框架，将区域科学的研究内容分为对要素的研究、对子系统的研究、对分系统的研究、对系统整体的研究、对系统间联系的研究和对系统调控的研究六个方面；将区域科学的学科属性归为应用地理学，并对区域科学与相关学科的关系进行了初步的讨论。本文的研究对建立和完善区域科学理论体系有一定的借鉴作用。     

基于科学的产业创新主体专利合作伙伴识别研究

近年来,发展基于科学的产业已成为全球科技和产业竞争的焦点。基于科学的产业具有开放式创新特点,产业创新主体致力于寻找合作伙伴以充分利用外部资源。专利信息涵盖丰富的技术信息、法律信息及经济信息,是创新主体寻找合作伙伴并开展创新合作的重要资源,但鲜有学者运用专利信息研究基于科学的产业创新问题。构建基于科学的产业专利合作伙伴识别研究框架,以石墨烯这一典型的基于科学的产业为例,采用专利技术组合和社会网络分析方法,从行动者网络理论的4个行动者转译环节出发,全面展现我国石墨烯产业中最具潜力的国内和跨国专利合作伙伴识别过程,以挖掘专利合作机会并提高企业竞争优势。最后,从政府、高校、企业3个层面为我国石墨烯产业创新发展提供决策参考。     

Interdependence and spillovers: is firm performance affected by others’ innovation activities?

The creation of new knowledge is a case in which agents' behaviour can affect the performance of other actors positively, given that new knowledge creates positive externalities in the market. In this context, we investigate the existence of performance spillovers associated with innovation activities by quantifying the innovation produced in surrounding firms and controlling for the fact that a firm is itself an innovation producer. We use data from the Third Community Innovation Survey (CIS III) that measures innovation in a broad way, not reducing it to R&D and patents, which departs from previous literature on spillovers. Furthermore, to tackle the endogeneity of the innovation variables on the firm production decision, we resort to the firm intellectual property protection methods as an instrument. We found a positive spillover of innovation on firm value added. The results also show that process innovation spillovers are more prevalent than product innovation spillovers.     

中国区域知识复杂性测度及其对创新的影响

十九大报告明确提出,创新是引领发展的第一动力,是建设现代化经济体系的战略支撑。知识作为创新的核心驱动力,其重要性受到众多学者的关注。基于伊达尔戈等的HH反射方法,利用15 988 864件中国专利数据,测度中国内地31个省市区知识复杂程度,并检验其对创新产出的影响。结果发现：①虽然东部地区的稀缺技术掌握能力高于中、西部,但中、西部地区落后境况不断改善,正逐渐进入新的技术领域;②知识复杂性对创新高效区域（东部）的影响更大,但低效地区（中、西部）具有更高的稀缺知识边际增益。以上发现的政策含义是,区域不应仅谋求单一领域内的竞争优势,应以兼顾聚集多样化和高质量知识为最终政策目标。     

How to rescue a failing pension regime: the British case

Recent analysis on New Regionalism has, for Björn Hettne, raised important ontological questions over ‘what we study when we study regionalism’. The paper contributes to this debate by focusing on the shared beliefs, norms and rituals that hold a region together. Working between the New Regionalism literature and thinking on international regimes, this paper – to paraphrase Friedrich Kratochwil and John Ruggie – outlines the ‘inescapable inter-subjective quality’ of a region. This focus on inter-subjectivity seeks to improve on existing approaches that consider shared social structures as already fixed, and/or as autonomous constructs operating over and above regional actors. In order to appreciate how inter-subjective structures and regional agents interact with each other, the paper explores the social construction of Latin America. Specifically, it examines the politics of regionness – understood here in relation to identity, space and agents – to demonstrate how various regional actors operate within, and reconstruct, shared meaning. In so doing, it interrogates the practices that govern and continually produce the region.     

空间视角下中国产学研协同创新网络演化研究

基于空间网络视角,利用联合专利数据刻画我国产学研协同创新网络演化特征。研究发现,随着产学研主体不断增加,创新网络逐渐覆盖全国,但区域创新联系呈现出创新中心区与非中心区非均衡性。由于空间网络关系的路径依赖越来越明显,技术知识传递的非对称性分布加剧,协同创新活动呈现创新中心区位锁定,导致网络协同创新效应难以形成,整体上协同创新网络重心呈“单核”向“三核”分布格局演化,国家创新系统长期依赖少数中心区域,中心区域技术知识辐射的局部效应与区域平衡发展的矛盾不断凸现。因此,应合理配置创新资源,优化协同创新网络空间形态,推进国家创新系统向均衡创新生态系统演化。     

Regional technical efficiency and technology gaps in rural China: evidence from CHIP surveys

This paper uses household-level datasets called Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) surveys to investigate the regional technical efficiency, technology gap, and their determinants in rural China. A metafrontier production function approach is employed to fit the values of the technical efficiency and the technology gap ratio of rural households in six regions of China. The findings indicate that the technical efficiency improved remarkably from 1988 to 2002, but the technology gap ratio among regions changed slightly in the same period. The findings also show a negative relationship between the technology gap ratio and the regional technical efficiency for all regions except the northwest that has the lowest value of both the technical efficiency and the technology gap ratio. Next, the Tobit model is employed to discern the sources of efficiency and technology gaps. The results show that quality of agricultural labor, agricultural infrastructure, natural conditions, and farmer's political status have significant effects on farms' technical efficiency and technology gap ratio.     

区域产业生态系统组织成员间的竞合协同进化研究

从生态学视角来看,在同一区域内相互关联的组织成员构成了区域产业生态系统,对其研究主要是分析该系统内产业组织的演化,即关联成员之间的竞争与合作协同进化。构建了成员竞合协同进化模型,并以两个成员竞合协同进化为例,运用微分方程定性知识以及数值仿真对该模型的稳定性进行分析,所得到的一些结果为模拟以及预测区域产业生态系统的组织结构演化提供了理论依据,有利于进一步揭示在区域产业生态系统中组织成员之间竞争与合作协同进化发展的内在机理。     

Technical systems and cross-sector knowledge diffusion: an illustration with drones

If cumulativeness is one feature of knowledge as economic good [Foray, D. 2006. The Economics of Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press], one may wonder why knowledge produced in a given sector does not result in several applications thorough the whole economy. Therefore it is important to understand the dynamics of knowledge that helps a given piece of knowledge to overcome sectorial silos and become more transversal. Here, focusing on Drones, patents analysis reveals how different technical systems use or do not use the same knowledge to solve identical issues or needs. This paper offers three major advantages. First, it allows distinguishing between component knowledge linked with technological bricks and architectural knowledge linked with system integration. Second, it opens new possibilities to measure the transversality of knowledge or its duality (beyond the debates in defense economics). And finally, it offers the opportunity to empirically analyse duality using patent databases.     

知识溢出下增长收敛的复杂性

在知识经济条件下,贸易自由化能否对一个国家的产出水平产生影响,能否为国际经济带来收敛,这是一个重要问题。文章通过假设国家之间构成一个知识网络,贸易中存在非线性的知识溢出,模拟了单边或多边关税下调对一个国际经济增长的收敛行为。研究结果表明,进入WTO体系后关税下调并不总意味着收敛的出现,收敛性依各经济体的初始状态和学习能力的大小而出现复杂行为,在知识网络体系单元取向上,网络的溢出参数——学习能力是决定性因素。多区域系统一旦出现收敛,则不会以牺牲富国利益为代价,即收敛是以低水平稳态向高水平稳态转移的形式出现的。     

Agri-environmental policies for biodiversity when the spatial pattern of the reserve matters

The aim of this paper is to compare different environmental policies for cost-effective habitat conservation on agricultural lands, when the desired spatial pattern of reserves is a random mosaic. We use a spatially explicit mathematical programming model which studies the farmers' behavior as profit maximizers under technical and administrative constraints. Facing different policy measures, each farmer chooses the land-use on each field, which determines the landscape at the regional level. A spatial pattern index (Ripley L function) is then associated to the obtained landscape, indicating on the degree of dispersion of the reserve. We compare a subsidy per hectare of reserve with an auction scheme and an agglomeration malus. We find that the auction is superior to the uniform subsidy for cost-efficiency. The agglomeration malus does better than the auction for the spatial pattern but is more costly.     

On the predictability of knowledge formation: The tortuous link between regional specialization trade, and development

This paper examines the relation between industrial mix, trade, and regional productivity growth. For this purpose, a dynamic model of the open economy with diversified sectoral knowledge formation and incomplete interregional knowledge diffusion is constructed. The theoretical framework is first used to show the consequences of increasing globalization on regional growth. It is then applied to German regional data in order to investigate whether there is evidence of generally specified patterns of knowledge formation. It emerges that some causal relationships are robust for the case of German regions but cannot be exploited by economic policy in general.