Marketing Report-Carrefour in China

Carrefour is one of the largest retailers in the world, and also is the first foreign retailer entering China market. As a marketing analysis, this report first outlets Carrefourg profile and introduces its development in China market; then, analyse its marketing environment, from the micro and macro aspects, finding out that the advanced management experience and retailing mode provides privilege, and the rapid economic development give Carrefour big opportunity of further development in China market; Carrefourg situation are analyse by the method of SWOT, which provide a clear image of its current business status; the 4ps theory is adopted to investigate Carrefourg marketing strategy in China market, also the critical evaluation of those strategies are given in this report ; the following parts forecasts its future growth in China; three recommendations： Building up tight and good relationship with Chinese public; quick response to the political issues which may affect eompanyg image; and annexing strategy are made to improve Carrefourg future performance in the final part.     

元明古籍讹误的类型

许多由著名学者整理、著名出版社出版的元明古籍的今人点校本存在为数不少的错误,归纳起来大致有八种：1）因俗字而误;2）因形近而误;3）因音近而误;4）句读有误;5）不明词义而误;6）不了解传统文化;7）史实考察不严谨;8）不明诗词格律。运用俗字学、词汇学、训诂学、文献学、校勘学、音韵学、历史学等方面的知识可以纠正这些错误。     

领导者说理艺术

领导者做人的工作的过程，就是以理服人的过程，提高领导者的说理艺术是建设高素质的干部队伍，加强党的执政能力的重要环节。领导者只有掌握了说理艺术，才能使你的讲话生动活泼，入脑入耳，使人们不得不赞同、佩服，提高执政效果，团结群众实现党的奋斗目标。     

英文摘要

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学术文摘

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Relative deprivation and labour conflict during Spain’s industrialization: the Bilbao estuary, 1914–1936

What drove social conflict in Spain’s industrial areas in the period before the Spanish Civil War? This paper is concerned with contrasting the determinants of working-class conflict in northern Spain at the beginning of the twentieth century. Our hypothesis is that the key determinant of conflicts in emerging industrial areas during the interwar period was the struggle to obtain satisfactory family income in a context of combined high price fluctuation, unemployment and economic boom and bust. We suggest two new ways to decipher how economic factors interact with labour conflict. We introduce the family as the relevant income unit when considering wage struggles and relative deprivation. And secondly, we study the reactions to short-term variations of income on families by using monthly rather than quarterly or annual data.     

The use of life style segmentation to determine if CATV subscribers are really different

The primary purpose of this study was to identify those characteristics of life style which differentiate and segment subscribers of CATV from non-subscribers. The hypothesis which was assessed by the research study can be stated as: There is no significant difference in the life style of cable television subscribers and non-subscribers. The Mann-Whitney U Test was utilized to statistically determine if there existed any significant difference between these two groups and indicated support for the above-mentioned hypothesis. The results indicate that the life style segmentation technique is a viable research tool and can be quite useful in many ways to a manager in the rapidly growing cable television industry.     

A longitudinal field test of stockout effects on multi-brand inventories

Stockouts do present a threat to a brand's stability in the marketplace. But is that threat as significant as one might initially be led to believe? The results of this study, as well as two prior efforts of similar methodology (Charlton and Ehrenberg 1976; Motes 1980), would suggest not, at least in the context of multi-brand inventories. It is strongly suggested that retailers, as well as manufacturers, need not be overly concerned about protracted adverse effects emanating from temporary stockouts at the retail level.     

The physician and the marketing concept

Most physicians use some marketing techniques (albeit, unintentional or unplanned) in the operation of their private medical practices. They use marketing to attract patients, but seem unaware of the necessity and potential value of satisfying customer needs beyond the provision of adequate medical care. Medical service is often characterized by impersonality, with patients treated as machines rather than humans. This situation is partially a reflection of a seller's market, with a shortage or absence of private medical services in many areas of the country. In addition, the apparent lack of consumer orientation is reinforced by policies of the American Medical Association that forbid most forms of self-promotion and by the minimum fee schedules suggested by local medical associations that effectively preclude price competition. Physicians do not seem to recognize the congruity between their own interests or objectives and the total satisfaction of consumers in the marketplace for medical care.     

The Italian financial cycle: 1861–2011

In this paper, we investigate the main features of the Italian financial cycle, extracted by means of a structural trend-cycle decomposition of the credit-to-GDP ratio, using annual observations from 1861 to 2011. In order to draw conclusions based on solid historical data, we provide a thorough reconstruction of the key balance sheet time series of Italian banks, considering all the main assets and liabilities over the last 150 years. We come to three main conclusions. First, while there was close correlation between loans and deposits (relative to GDP) until the mid-1970s, over the last 30 years, this link became more tenuous and the volume of loans has increased in relation to deposits. The banks covered this “funding gap” mainly by issuing new debt securities. Second, the Italian financial cycle has a much longer duration than traditional business cycles. Third, taking into account the deviation of the credit-to-GDP ratio from its trend, an acceleration of credit preceded or accompanied a banking crisis in 8 out of the 12 episodes listed by Reinhart and Rogoff (This time is different: eight centuries of financial folly. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2009). A Logit regression confirms a positive association between the probability of a banking crisis and a previous acceleration of the credit-to-GDP gap. However, there were also periods—such as the early 1970s—in which the growth of the credit-to-GDP ratio was not followed by a banking crisis.     

Managerial,organizational, and external drivers of sales effectiveness in export market ventures

The authors extend sales management theory by considering the role of export sales management in small- and medium-sized firms, and they develop an integrated model of export sales organization effectiveness. Specifically, the authors test 16 hypotheses that examine the relationships among export sales management control, export territory, psychic distance, export sales performance, and export sales organization effectiveness. Using a mail-survey approach, data were collected from U.K.-based export sales managers in 146 direct exporters of industrial products. Though certain anomalies are observed, the research findings support many of the hypothesized associations, confirming the robustness of existing sales management concepts and theories in an export-marketing context.

Innovation generation in supply chain relationships: A conceptual model and research propositions

Innovation generation has increasingly been recognized as an outcome of interaction between a firm and various outside entities. According to this view, supplier involvement and alliances are routes to innovation generation. Despite this realization, there is a dearth of research, both conceptual and empirical, focusing on innovation generation in buyer-seller relationships in supply chains. In an attempt to fill this void, this article develops a conceptual model of innovation generation in buyer-seller relationships in upstream supply chains. The authors propose that innovation generation in supply chain relationships, both incremental and radical, is a consequence of interactions between buyers and sellers. They also delineate factors internal and external to the relationship that moderate the link between interaction and innovation generation. Finally, the authors discuss managerial implications of their research and offer guidelines for future empirical research. Subroto Roy (sroy@newhaven.edu) (Ph.D., University of Western Sydney, 2002) is an assistant professor of marketing and international business at the University of New Haven since 2001. Prior to his Ph.D., he had more than 12 years of experience in packaging industry (Tetra Pak) marketing and sales. Involved with several upstream industrial new product development projects he helped clients launch more than 100 brands. Current research interests include global supply chains, technology adoption, and knowledge outsourcing. His work has appeared inAmerican Marketing Association Educators Conferences and is forthcoming inIndustrial Marketing Management, among others. He is a co-guest editor of a special issue of theJournal of Business and Industrial Marketing and has consulted with leading companies in Australia and Asia. See http://www.newhaven.edu/faculty/roy. K. Sivakumar (k.sivakumar@lehigh.edu) (Ph.D., Syracuse University, 1992) is the Arthur Tauck Professor of International Marketing & Logistics and a professor of marketing at Lehigh University. His research interests include pricing, global marketing, innovation management, and supply/value chain management. His research has been published in theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, theJournal of Marketing, theJournal of International Business Studies, Marketing Letters, theJournal of Business Research, International Marketing Review, Pricing Strategy & Practice: An International Journal, and other publications. He has won several awards for research. He is on the editorial board of six journals. Home page: www.lehigh.edu/~kasg. Ian F. Wilkinson (i.wilkinson@unsw.edu.au) is a professor in the School of Marketing at the University of New South Wales since 2001. His current research focuses on interfirm relations and networks in domestic and international markets and the dynamics and evolution of markets, including applications of complexity theory. His research has appeared in many journals including theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, theJournal of Business Research, theJournal of World Business, theJournal of International Marketing, theEuropean Journal of Marketing, Industrial Marketing Management, theJournal of Industrial and Business Marketing, and theJournal of Applied Psychology. He is on the editorial board of 12 scholarly journals. See http://www.marketing.unsw.edu.au/PEOPLE/HTML/IWilkinson.html.