关于企业职工养老保险“空账”问题的思考与对策

我国企业职工基本养老保险实行“社会统筹与个人帐户”相结合的制度，但在实际操作中形成了“个人帐户”空帐运行。如何使个人帐户逐渐由“空帐”向“实帐”转变，促进养老保险在长期战略上的收支平衡。本文从影响养老保险基金收支平衡的因素以及解决问题对策进行了综合分析。     

我国养老金改革转轨成本支付方式选择

我国最近一次明确方向的养老保险制度改革始于1997年7月，改革框架是建立以社会统筹与个人帐户相结合为标志的“统帐结合”养老保险体制，即现收现付制和完全基金制的混和。改革至今，由于始终没有明确的转轨成本支付安排，使隐性养老金债务。通过个人帐户名义的累积(即“空帐”问题)而显性化、刚性化，这将放大日后的财政给付风险，养老金改革也将难以为继。因此下一步的改革需要重新审视通过设立空帐来消化转轨成本这一方式。     

关于企业职工养老保险"空账"问题的思考与对策

我国企业职工基本养老保险实行"社会统筹与个人帐户"相结合的制度,但在实际操作中形成了"个人帐户"空帐运行.如何使个人帐户逐渐由"空帐"向"实帐"转变,促进养老保险在长期战略上的收支平衡.本文从影响养老保险基金收支平衡的因素以及解决问题对策进行了综合分析.     

对目前养老保险基金供求失衡的探析及思考

目前基本养老保险基金供求严重失衡，个人帐户“空帐”运行，反映了养老制度的转制成本问题。解决这一难题应加大政府投入，变现一部分国有资产用于弥补养老基金之不足，加大收缴、清欠力度，进一步扩大养老保险覆盖面，严格控制提前退休，加大国家对西部经济不发达地区社会保障事业发展的政策倾斜力度，试发行社会保障彩票等。     

我国社会养老保险筹资模式所面临的困境

1、资本市场的不完全制约着社会养老保险资金的保值、增值。我国的“统帐结合”模式属于部分积累式模式，社会统筹部分采取现收现付方式，个人帐户采用完全积累方式。职工退休后领取来自社会统筹的基础养老金和来自个人帐户的积累部分。于是退休职工福利能否得到保障，很大程度取决于个人帐户积累部分的投资方式和收益率，从国外情况看，在资本市场成熟的国家，     

"入世"后我国进口行政管理体制改革构想

行政管理体制是政府的职权机构及其运转方式，它是经济体制与政治体制相结合的产物。“入世”后，我国进口行政管理体制改革的方向是：各级经贸部门的决策与管理措施要更加科学，管理体制运行要更加协调和有效，确保行政管理人员的廉洁与勤政，以降低整个管理体系运行的成本，提高管理效率，为企业实现微观经济效益，国家实现宏观经济效益创造良好的基础。为此“入世”后，我国必须对进出口行政管理的组织机构、行政管理职能、管理手段等进行改革，以适应“入世”的需要。     

关于养老保险个人帐户实帐化的思考

根据我国国情,借鉴发达国家的有益经验,尽快研究和改革、完善有中国特色的养老保险制度,逐步与世界接轨,是新时代对我们的挑战。本文试就养老保险个人帐户实帐化问题进行探讨并提出个人见解。     

弥补养老保险隐性债务面临的困难及对策研究

养老保险隐性债务一般是指现收现付养老保险制度下待遇确定型计划对在职职工和退休人员养老金待遇的承诺。巨额的养老保险隐性债务已经严重制约了我国社会养老保险制度的运行。如何多渠道筹措资金弥补我国养老保险隐性债务、做实“个人帐户”是我国现行社会养老保险模式可持续运行必要条件之一。     

不同宪政秩序下的转轨路径与转轨绩效--"北京共识"的内涵与应用

文章从对"北京共识"的认识出发,认为对于发展中的转轨经济国家,转轨中的制度选择对转轨的绩效至关重要,各国应该结合各自的国情,走适合自己的发展道路.文章设计了一个公共选择模型以解释各国间转轨效益的差异.转轨的成本不仅取决于经济考虑,更取决于政治的因素.政治选择影响新制度安排的效率,因此与转轨成本正相关.中国在转轨中选择了宪政平滑变迁的方式,这可在短期内化解转轨的经济体制成本和政治体制成本问题.     

关于财政支出"越位"与"缺位"的思考

文章从财政支出“越位”、“缺位”的具体表现及其影响分析出发，认为要矫正财政支出“越位”、“缺位”．国家必须进一步深化改革，从体制转轨、政府职能界定、事权划分、预算约束的加强等方面入手。     

Causal Relationship Between the Current Account and Financial Account

We demonstrate that a different causal relationship exists between the current and financial accounts in developed and developing countries. Using the Granger causality test, we clearly determine that the financial account is by and large responsible for the current account in developing countries; instead of financing the current account, the financial account thrusts the current account into an imbalance. In developed countries, however, the current account leads the way, and the financial account, as its name indicates, serves to finance a current account imbalance. This represents a forewarning that countries, which lack a sophisticated financial system to channel funds to proper locations, should not recklessly liberalize capital mobility.The author would like to thank an anonymous referee for valuable suggestions.     

Can International Productivity Differences Alone Account for the US Current Account Deficits?

An influential explanation for the recent rise in the US current account deficit is the boom in US productivity. As US productivity surged in the mid-1990s, capital was attracted to the US to take advantage of the higher real returns. Using a two-country general-equilibrium model, this paper quantitatively shows that the gap in productivity growth between the US and the "rest of the world" cannot explain the US current account deficits, especially in the 1980s and the 2000s. This is because on a GDP-weighted basis, the "rest of the world" actually had higher productivity growth during these periods, and standard macroeconomic models would predict an outflow of funds from the US to the rest of the world, and a consequent US current account surplus . We show that changes in global financial integration can help explain this anomaly in US current account behavior.     

Nontraded Goods and the Current Account

This paper investigates trade balance and current account behavior in response to various shocks when the economy produces and consumes both traded and nontraded goods. Previous analyses of these problems have interpreted current account behavior in terms of tension between parameters that measure intratemporal and intertemporal elasticity, respectively. This paper provides a simple general criterion for whether trade and current account behavior is "perverse" vis-à-vis the standard one-good model results: behavior is perverse if and only if traded and nontraded goods are Edgeworth complements; that is, if the cross-partial of the instantaneous utility function is positive.     

Meaningful Measures of the Current Account

Since the conventional current account uses cash-flow accounting, it is potentially devoid of economic meaning. Assessing foreign assets at market values and including expected transfers from abroad, this paper reports two measures of the external surplus that are grounded in economic theory. The first measure is the aggregate generational current account, annual differences in the sum of net foreign assets across all current and future generations. The second measure is the generational profile of net foreign assets in a benchmark year. These ideas are implemented with data from Korea.     

Productive Government Expenditures and the Current Account

This paper examines the effects of a change in government expenditure on the current account of the balance of payments using the optimizing approach. It is assumed that government expenditure is productive, and is regarded as an input in the aggregate production function. Based on the Blanchard–Fischer-type model, the paper demonstrates decisively that the current account deficit is due to a permanent increase in government expenditure.
JEL Classification Numbers: F41, H30.     

Is the Current Account Deficit Sustainable?

This article argues that Australia's savings behaviour relative to its investment opportunities ensures a structural current account deficit which is fundamentally sustainable. In fact considerable scope seems to exist for it to widen further, irrespective of fiscal tightening that has occurred during the last few years, without alarming macroeconomic consequences.     

资本帐户开放研究

实现资本在国际间的自由流动，其意义十分深远。战后许多国家均实施了资本帐户的开放。从国际经验看，资本帐户开放不仅取决于其国内财政状况的改善，还取决于国内金融市场体系的完善。因而，我国资本帐户开放应采取渐进的方式，稳步推进；应实行利率市场化和更中灵活的汇率制度，协调好各项货币政策及其他经济政策，以平稳实现预期目标。     

论资本账户开放的动态条件

现有文献提出的资本账户开放所必要的条件大多是强调资本账户开放之前经济运行应该是稳健的,而忽视了资本账户开放对经济运行的影响.因此,这种分析范式存在很强的误导性,不利于人们正确认识资本账户开放的风险和应该具备的条件.文章强调了资本账户开放对经济运行的影响,并在此基础上提出了国际收支结构可维持性是资本账户开放的核心条件.     

资本项目可兑换的定义

定义资本项目可兑换的目的在于为实行资本项目可兑换提供一个参照系,也就是明确达到什么标准才算符合了资本项目可兑换的要求.但对于资本项目可兑换,国际上迄今尚无严格的、标准的定义.1997年印度成立多部门参加的资本项目可兑换委员会研究资本项目可兑换问题时,推荐了一个实用的工作定义,即:"资本帐户可兑换是指以市场决定的汇率自由进行国内金融资产与国外金融资产的转换"(印度储备银行,1999).本文也试图提出关于资本项目可兑换的工作定义.以下,本文分三部分进行阐述:先介绍现有文献中对资本项目可兑换的主要定义方法,再介绍对资本项目可兑换的国际管辖状况,最后提出对资本项目可兑换的工作定义.