Trade,foreign direct investment and industry performance

This paper investigates the US margins effect of imports and FDI using a panel of 448 manufacturing industries for 1982–1990. In the single equation two-way fixed effects regressions, greenfield FDI has no significant effect on margins; while there is some indication that non-greenfield FDI affect margins and the effect is found to depend on the level of industry concentration. When potential endogeneity among variables are taken into account, both types of FDI are found to increase margins. However, for non-greenfield FDI, the effect appears with a lag of two periods. For the most part, the results indicate that the positive effect on margins holds for industries with ‘low’ levels of concentration. Beyond some ‘critical’ level, the competitive effect of FDI predominates.     

Corruption and change: the impact of foreign direct investment

This study examines influences on the level of corruption in countries from a strategic perspective. Corruption is one of the country‐level influences on market entry, investment, and other decisions fundamental to strategic management at the international level. The study examines the impact on corruption of change in levels of foreign direct investment (FDI). It uses the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) scores computed by Transparency International for 1999 and 2000. Results indicate that the more rapid the rate of change in FDI, the higher the level of corruption. Higher levels of perceived corruption are associated with each of two dimensions of national culture: uncertainty avoidance and masculinity. Research and managerial implications are also discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The choice of entry mode in sequential foreign direct investment

Relatively few studies have examined the importance of an entry's sequential position to the choice of foreign entry mode. We use a dynamic model to analyze sequential entries into the United States from 1975 to 1992. Our findings show that several independent variables which explain a firm's initial mode of entry do not explain the modes of subsequent entries. These findings underscore the importance of experience in foreign investment, as companies learn from early entries and adapt the modes of subsequent ones. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Agglomeration economies,firm heterogeneity,and foreign direct investment in the United States

An overlooked aspect of agglomeration economies, which are positive externalities that stem from the geographic clustering of industry, is that firms contribute to the externality in addition to benefiting from the externality. This insight suggests that if firms are heterogeneous they will differ in the net benefits they receive from agglomerating. We argue that firms with the best technologies, human capital, training programs, suppliers, or distributors will gain little, yet competitively suffer when their technologies, employees, and access to supporting industries spill over to competitors. Therefore, these firms have little motivation to geographically cluster despite the existence of agglomeration economies. Conversely, firms with the weakest technologies, human capital, training programs, suppliers, or distributors have little to lose and a lot to gain; therefore, these firms are motivated to geographically cluster. As a result, when firms are heterogeneous we expect agglomeration to be characterized by adverse selection. We find supportive evidence of these arguments by examining the location choice and survival of foreign greenfield investments in U.S. manufacturing industries. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Expropriation and control rights: A dynamic model of foreign direct investment

This paper studies the strategic interaction between a foreign direct investor and a host country. We analyze how the investor can use his control rights to protect his investment if he faces the risk of “creeping expropriation” once his investment is sunk. It is shown that this hold-up problem may cause underinvestment if the outside option of the investor is too weak, and overinvestment if it is too strong. We also analyze the impact of spillover effects, we give a rationale for “tax holidays” and we examine how stochastic returns affect the strategic interaction of investor and host country.     

The effect of national culture on the choice between licensing and direct foreign investment

This paper argues that national differences in levels of trust impact perceptions of transactions costs and thereby influence the desirability of internalization and the choice of foreign market entry mode. The paper tests this framework on industry level data from the United States Commerce Department's Benchmark Survey of operations of U.S. -based manufacturing multinational corporations in 1977 and 1982, and shows that cultural differences in trust do influence perceptions of transaction costs and the preference for direct foreign investment across countries.     

Outward foreign direct investment by emerging market firms: A resource dependence logic

This study examines and extends the resource dependence logic of diversification for a better understanding of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) activities by emerging market firms. We contend that the diversification logic is bounded by state ownership, an important but less considered component of interdependence. Our empirical results, based on panel data analysis of Chinese listed firms, suggest that the level of interdependence between Chinese and foreign firms in China in multiple forms, including symbiotic, competitive, and partner interdependencies, is positively associated with the level of the Chinese firms' OFDI activities. However, Chinese firms with higher levels of state ownership are less susceptible to the pressures imposed by foreign firms to invest abroad. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

防范和控制国有石油公司海外直接投资的法律风险

海外油气投资金额巨大、法律关系复杂,属于国资委《中央企业全面风险管理指引》规定的重大风险管理对象。中国国有石油公司海外直接投资中的法律风险主要来自于并购或投标阶段以及项目经营阶段。防范海外直接投资法律风险,根本在于转变国有石油公司风险管理理念,全面建立法律风险防控体系。为此,在项目并购过程中,应加强团队协作,对项目进行详尽法律尽职调查;评估法律风险,设计收购协议谈判方案。在项目经营过程中,应重视项目并购后的整合,加强中国国有石油公司内部并购人员和项目经营人员的工作交接,完善标的公司治理结构;重视对资源国投资环境、行业惯例的研究;重视利益相关方关系建设。     

Entry mode and equity level: A multilevel examination of foreign direct investment ownership structure

Over the last two decades, strategy researchers have sought to understand the ownership structure of firms' foreign direct investments (FDI) as reflected in entry mode and equity level. However, prior FDI research has ignored the interrelated nature of these key FDI decisions. In addition, prior research does not fully account for the fact that individual ownership structure decisions occur within the context of a firm's broader FDI portfolio, and thus reflect a wide and frequently unobserved range of parent firm and host nation effects. Our research seeks to address both of these limitations. Using a rich dataset of 4,459 subsidiaries established by 858 Japanese firms across 38 countries over a 9‐year period, we specify a conditional bivariate, cross‐classified multilevel model of FDI ownership structure. Our model enables the joint estimation of entry mode and equity level, accounts for the portfolio nature of FDI, and compares the relative predictive power of transaction cost‐ and experience‐based explanatory variables across both facets of ownership structure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

State ownership of Chinese firms and their outward foreign direct investment: Political and economic contingencies

The extant literature offers inconsistent predictions and conflicting evidence regarding the relationship between state ownership and the internationalization of emerging market firms (EMFs). Drawing on institutional theory, we examine the moderating roles of political and economic institutions at the subnational and national levels in the link between state ownership and EMFs’ outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). Based on a sample of 1421 OFDI projects involving 286 Chinese listed firms in 115 host countries between 2003 and 2016, we find that state ownership can scale up OFDI when Chinese firms are headquartered in subnational regions with high institutional development or low economic development, or when political relationships between home and host countries are amicable or market growth in a host country is slow; otherwise, state ownership hinders OFDI. These findings offer new insights into the relationship between state ownership and the internationalization of EMFs.

     

Green finance and outward foreign direct investment: evidence from a quasi-natural experiment of green insurance in China

Institutions have an important impact on corporate outward foreign direct investment, while differences in environmental regulations play a significant role in international capital flows based on the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH). This study examines the effect of green insurance, an institutional innovation tool designed to diversify and transfer environmental risks, on the decisions of firms regarding their overseas investment. Using a quasi-natural experiment of green insurance in 2007, this paper investigates the relationship between green insurance and corporate outward foreign direct investment and then further examines the effects of marketization and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on this relationship. The results show that green insurance significantly reduces corporate outward foreign direct investment. Furthermore, the effect of green insurance on corporate outward foreign direct investment is stronger in regions with higher marketization and is weaker when investing in BRI countries. These findings suggest that green insurance is playing a gradually important role in influencing corporate overseas investment decisions. This study contributes to the research on the effects of institutions on corporate outward foreign direct investment while also broadening the research perspective of the PHH.

     

A profile-analytic approach for classifying debt reschedulings in the Asia pacific region

For years, international lenders have looked for new methods for evaluating both the ability and willingness of sovereign borrowers to repay their external debt obligations. This paper presents an application of a classification technique, known as profile-analysis, which might be used as an early warning indicator for the interruption of sovereign debt payments. The potential usefulness of this technique was demonstrated by successfully classifying the Philippines as a candidate for debt rescheduling one year prior to its 1984 debt restructuring agreement. Although preliminary in scope, this study suggests that profile-analysis might be an important supplement in the management of an international loan portfolio.     

走出外资国民待遇的误区

作为世界贸易组织的成员 ,我国今后的利用外资工作要符合国民待遇原则 ,但是目前在对外资国民待遇原则的认识上 ,依然存在一定的误区 ,本文澄清对国民待遇原则认识的误区 ,并就如何贯彻国民待遇原则提出了具体的建议。     

Shareholder valuation of foreign investment and expansion

This study analyzes when different foreign investment location choices are value creating for firms at different stages of international expansion. I argue that because direct investment in developing countries is riskier than in advanced countries, shareholders may not value a firm's investment in developing countries until that firm has experience from previous international investments and capabilities to better manage and hedge the higher levels of risk and uncertainty. Using a panel of 191 U.S. manufacturing firms and their foreign investments over a 20‐year period (1981–2000), the empirical results show that firm investments in advanced and developing countries are valued differently by shareholders, depending on the firm's prior international expansion, the firm's capabilities and experiences, and the knowledge intensity of the firm's industry. These results highlight the importance of considering firm location decisions, prior experiences, and resources when analyzing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of own-firm and other-firm experience on foreign direct investment survival in the United States, 1987–92

We argue that foreign firms operating in a host country generate information spillovers that have potential value for later foreign direct investment. We test two predictions. First, we expect foreign direct investments by firms with experience in a host country to be more likely to survive than investments made by first-time entrants. Second, foreign direct investments will be more likely to survive the greater the foreign presence in the target industry at the time of investment, subject to two contingencies. The first contingency is that the relationship will be weak or nonexistent among firms with no experience in the host country, because these firms have difficulty evaluating and taking advantage of the information spillovers. The second contingency is that the presence of other foreign firms will not affect investment survival among firms that already have a presence in the target industry and undertake expansion. These firms already possess general information about the target industries and are unlikely to gain additional benefit from information spillovers. We find supportive evidence based on the survival to 1992 among 354 U.S. investments undertaken by foreign firms in manufacturing industries during 1987. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Correction to: Green finance and outward foreign direct investment: evidence from a quasi-natural experiment of green insurance in China

Asia Pacific Journal of Management -     

The external indebtedness and creditworthiness of countries in the east Asian and pacific region

This article examines recent trends in the East Asia and Pacific region's external indebtedness, debt servicing capability, and creditworthiness. Despite the fact that the East Asia and Pacific region is regarded as the most creditworthy of all developing country regions, there are some indications that if borrowings continue to grow at the current pace, particularly in relation to debt servicing ability, the region may begin to encounter more debt repayment problems. In addition, this paper investigates the relationship between country credit ratings for the twenty largest developing country borrowers and interest rates on new obligations. The observed relationship between country creditworthiness and interest rates, while inverse, was not as strong as financial theory would suggest.     

浅谈外资并购中外商投资的新趋向

本文从国家的产业政策,全球并购的产业趋势,以及外资在国内投资的特征,分析了外资并购中外商投资的新趋向.     

Determinants of US multinational banking performance in the Asia pacific region: An eclectic approach

The Asia Pacific region has provided the fastest growing and the most profitable overseas markets for US multinational banks (MNBs) since 1975. In the region, US MNBs remain the dominant banking power despite a recent contraction in their relative market share. This paper discusses major characteristics of US MNB activities in the region and identifies empirically major determinants of MNB performance in the two key countries of the region (Singapore and South Korea) using an eclectic approach.     

俄对外资进入其战略性行业的国家安全审查制度

俄罗斯通过新法设立了对外资进入其战略性行业的国家安全审查制度.该制度明确地告知外国投资者哪些行业涉及俄罗斯国家安全的范畴,哪些交易需要进行俄罗斯国家安全审查,审查的程序和标准以及违反审查制度的法律后果.与其他国家相比,俄罗斯对外资的国家安全审查制度更为清晰、具体,更具有操作性和指引性;但其对战略性行业过于严苛的界定限制了外资对俄投资的领域和范围,因此这种审查制度将对俄罗斯投资环境产生双重影响.