论分配过程中的不公平问题

分配过程不公平包括初次分配过程不公平和再分配过程不公平两个方面.前者表现在初次分配领域,由于分配政策不统一造成企业内部平均主义和企业间收入差距悬殊并存、分配机制不完善,导致生产要素的投入与收益不对等、法律法规不健全导致不合理不合法收入滋生蔓延等;后者表现在再分配领域,由于税制不完善、社会保障存在"逆调节"等原因,反而使收入差距拉大.只有解决了这些不公平问题,才能实现分配公平.     

关于分配公平问题的几点辨析

近年来,关于收入分配领域里的公平问题,越来越受到人们的普遍关注。从"效率优先,兼顾公平"到"更加注重社会公平";从党的十六大报告"初次分配注重效率"、"再分配注重公平",到十七大报告"初次分配和再分配都要处理好效率和公平的关系,再分配更加注重公平"。这些指导思想和政策导向的转变,无疑把侧重点转向了解决收入分配公平问题方面。而在分配公平的理论研究和社会实践中,还有很多深层次问题没有解决,各种似是而非的判断还在干扰着人们的视线。对于这一类的问题,必须给出进一步的科学回答,才能真正推进分配公平的进程。     

从福利型到发展型:中等收入阶段的社会政策创新研究

在中等收入阶段,社会政策不能仅仅满足于维护社会公平,还必须加入促进经济发展的内容。要在"保障公平"这一社会政策传统价值基础上,加入"促进发展"这一新的价值追求,使得社会政策既能传承社会福利再分配传统,公平配置资源,保障民生福祉,同时又能适应国际发展新潮流,积极创造财富,提升经济竞争力。     

再论公平与效率

我国经济在快速增长的同时,居民收入差距也在不断地扩大,为了平抑收入差距急剧扩大的趋势,克服社会公平与经济增长相悖现象,必须关注社会公平.现阶段我国的政策由"效率优先,兼顾公平"到大力强调收入分配要更加注重"社会公平",这不得不引起我们对"效率"与"公平"的关系进行再度探讨.     

人们关注的是分配动机还是分配结果?——最后通牒实验视角下两种公平观的考察

本文通过设计一组最后通牒实验考察了分配动机的公平和分配结果的公平对人的行为决策的影响,并分别从浙江和北京两地获取了相关实验数据。采用角色随机分配的简化最后通牒实验,通过提议者不同可选分配方案向响应者发送的信号,考察对提议者的"动机是否公平"从而响应者是否有相应的不同拒绝率。实验结果表明,响应者对提议者"分配动机的公平"有显著不同的反应,说明基于动机的互惠偏好确实在人们的行为决策中扮演重要角色。同时本文通过一组修正型的最后通牒实验从分配结果公平的角度考察了其影响机制,发现分别在保证博弈实验中38%的被试拒绝行为,以及免惩罚博弈中89%的被试拒绝行为,不能被差异厌恶偏好理论进行解释。本文实验的结果在于说明分配动机的公平比分配结果的公平更会影响人们的决策行为,其暗含的政策含义即分配过程的公平比分配结果的公平更为重要。     

起点公平、过程公平、结果公平与分配公平满意度*

深入研究居民对现阶段分配公平满意程度的认知、判断与评价,对于政府制定科学合理的调控政策、促进分配公平、提高居民满意程度、维护社会和谐与稳定具有十分重要的意义。本文基于浙江省11个地区958份居民家庭问卷调查数据,对居民收入分配不平等程度与分配公平满意度现状进行统计分析,构建Ordered Probit模型,从起点公平、过程公平、结果公平等方面对分配公平满意度的主要影响因素进行实证研究。研究结果表明：现阶段收入分配不平等程度较大,但居民对收入分配公平满意度相对较高。起点公平、过程公平、结果公平、人力资本、物质资本、社会保障对分配公平满意度有显著的正向影响。其中人力资本、起点公平、结果公平、社会保障对分配公平满意度的正向影响程度较大,过程公平对分配公平满意度的正向影响程度次之,而家庭劳动力人数、物质资本对分配公平满意度的正向影响程度较小。这一研究结果提供了重要的政策启示。     

初次分配和再分配中公平与效率的权衡——兼论十七大对社会主义收入分配理论的创新

十七大继承和创新了社会主义收入分配理论,其亮点突出体现在提出"初次分配与再分配都要处理好效率和公平的关系",蕴涵着从分配的起点至终点都要重视公平问题。厘清初次分配和再分配领域公平和效率各自的内涵,有助于澄清人们在公平与效率两者关系认识上的误区并纠正实践中出现的偏差,为制定切合国情的分配政策奠定基础。     

收入分配评价指标体系重构研究——基于体现效率、促进公平的视角

构建包含初次分配效率、初次分配公平和其他分配公平等三个评价维度及20项评价指标的体现效率、促进公平的收入分配评价指标体系,运用逐级等权法确定指标权重,发现2007—2016年我国体现效率、促进公平的收入分配状态指数值稳步上升,但到2017年指数值又出现下降。比较三个评价维度的贡献显示,效率与公平的作用已经发生变化:一是从效率为重向公平为重转变;二是从初次分配公平为重向初次与其他分配公平并重转变。据此,从应用指标体系、发挥其对收入分配工作评价和指导作用的角度提出了政策建议。     

我国税式支出与收入分配公平问题的研究

社会收入分配公平既是政府宏观调控的重要目标,也是制定我国税式支出政策的基本出发点之一。税式支出政策作为一个整体,既包含了有利于收入分配公平的积极因素,也蕴藏着不利于收入分配公平的消极效素,本文从将税式支出纳入政府财政支出范畴,制定统一法规,增强税式支出政策的透明度和规范性等方面提出消除不利于收入分配公平的消极因素,以完善我国税式支出管理,促进社会收入分配公平。     

论完善住房公积金社会公平的法律制度

党的十八大提出,加紧建设对社会公平正义具有重大作用的制度,以权利公平、机会公平、规则公平为主要内容的社会公平保障体系.笔者联系工作实际,分析了收入分配、制度建设、政策脱节和个别公积金管理中心管理不善等问题造成了住房公积金制度的不公平表象,提出了缩小收入差距等消除住房公积金公平性缺失现象的政策建议.     

企业诚信意识与思想政治工作调研及对策思考

在对福建省企业诚信意识与思想政治工作调研的基础上,提出构建可操作的“三层次四模块”诚信意识培育新模式,推进人本化管理理念的渗透,加强人文关怀和心理疏导,以实现思想政治工作诚信意识培育的目标。     

中国经济的内外均衡与财税改革

我国经常项目持续的大规模顺差,给国民经济的健康发展带来一系列的不利影响。在前人研究的基础上,通过对各种影响因素进行分类拆解,本文试图从理论和实证角度说明长期的储蓄-消费失衡是造成我国贸易顺差的一个重要原因,而其背后的根本原因是由于企业可支配收入相对于劳动者报酬不断提高带来的收入结构和储蓄结构失衡。我国当前企业未分配收入大幅增长的原因可以归结为企业利润率"虚高"和国企"不分红"问题。只有从体制上解决这个问题,才能使储蓄降低到适当的水平,通过拉动内需消除我国过大的贸易顺差,从根本上解决内外经济比例失衡问题。     

森林资源规划设计调查总结与反思

森林资源规划设计调查是为国家、地区及森林经营单位制定林业方针政策,编制林业区划、规划、计划,指导林业生产而提供基础资源数据,为实现森林资源合理经营、科学管理、永续利用、持续发展,充分发挥森林生态效益、经济效益、社会效益服务。森林资源调查的任务是全面查清森林资源数量、质量变化及其消长变化状况、规律,进行综合分析和评价,准确提供所需有关森林资源调查成果资料。基于森林资源二类调查的重要性和今后调查工作顺利开展的需要,调查之后的总结与反思尤为重要。     

Homogeneity and Heterogeneity Within and Across Boundaries and Shorelines: Ensemble of Darwin's Finches and Human Transaction Types

Synopsis: In the most famous example of the biological process of adaptive radiation, two forces explain the fourteen distinct species of Darwin's finches on the Galápagos and Cocos Islands: First, populations adapt to their respective distinct ecological environments. Second, previously separated populations come in contact and may adapt to mitigate inter-species competition. The result is a complex pattern of homogeneity and heterogeneity among the birds, both on a single island and across islands. This pattern reflects the finches' adaptations both to the distinct ecological conditions created by the visible shorelines that separate the islands' niches and to the finches' own less-visible cultural and societal shorelines. The New Institutional Economics highlights the fact that human institutional infrastructures also exhibit complex homogeneities and heterogeneities, as we adapt those infrastructures to accomplish the tasks at hand in distinct geographic and societal contexts. Mixes of both state enforcement and self-enforcement, through inter-temporal, inter-issue, and inter-actor linkages, provide support and enforcement for transactions; and those mixes differ across transactions and across states. When transactions occur across state or cultural shorelines, institutional infrastructures must be flexible enough to accommodate those differences, without allowing the differences to become disguised protectionism or barriers to competition. These issues contribute to many of the regulatory disputes associated with ‘globalization’. We briefly consider two concrete recent examples: (1) the European Union–United States ‘Safe Harbor’ Agreement that regulates firms' policies toward Internet-data privacy; and (2) international trade policy negotiations over regulation of ‘geographical indications’ (for example, Champagne or Roquefort) as means of assuring product quality for processed foods. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Classical and Neoclassical harmonies and dissonances

Abstract

Proofs are given that only singularly can real 1750 – 2007 competitive price ratios be ‘natural', in the sense of being invariant under changes in demand tastes. Proofs are given that both 1750 – 1870 discrete technologies or 1890 – 2007 continuum technologies, with convexity properties sufficient for arbitrage-proof supply-demand equilibria, will be ‘intertemporally Pareto optimal', immune to leaving any deadweight (inefficient) losses on the table. Sraffa (1960), ignoring the vast post-1945 linear and non-linear programming mathematical literature of Danzig, Kuhn-Tucker-Bellman, von Neumann, Ramsey literature does not quite arrive at attainable distribution solutions. Where it tolerates increasing or decreasing returns to scale, there can be no competitive equilibria. When its matrix equations do obey first-degree-homogeneous functions, the book's stress on Basics or non-Basics is an irrelevancy leading to bizarre novel interpretations of Ricardo.

Old age overtakes us all. Alas, Sraffs's proposed critique of twentieth century political economy we will never be able to know.     

Sen and Commons on Markets and Freedom

Amartya Sen's enlarged conception of freedom has augmented the scope of economic analysis but it also has had the surprising effect of being more supportive of the free market than conventional welfare economics. It is argued here that a comparison of Sen's position with that of the American institutionalist, J R Commons, highlights some problems with Sen's approach and points to possible ways in which they might be addressed.     

Globalization and taxation: Theory and evidence

We construct a theoretical model to capture the compensation and efficiency effects of globalization in a set up where the redistributive tax rate is chosen by the median voter. The model predicts that the two alternative modes of globalization- trade liberalization and financial openness- could potentially have different effects on taxation. We then provide some empirical evidence on the relationship between taxation and the alternative modes of globalization using a large cross-country panel data set. On average, globalization is associated with lower taxation but there is some evidence that in countries with high capital-labor ratio, globalization is associated with increased taxation. We make a distinction between de jure and de facto measures of globalization and find a strong negative relationship between taxation and de jure measures of globalization. The results for de facto measures of globalization are mixed.     

美国、日本产业政策:比较分析与启示

现阶段,在吸取美国、日本经验的基础上,我国产业结构调整应主要依靠市场机制进行调节,同时辅之以宏观政策,尽快使我国的产业结构优化,即产业结构的合理化、高级化。     

Finance and inequality: Channels and evidence

We provide a framework to interpret the recent literature on financial development and inequality. In many developing countries, access to funding and financial services by firms and households is still very skewed. Recent evidence suggests that poor access does not only reflect economic constraints but also barriers erected by insiders. Inequality affects the distribution of political influence, so financial regulation often is easily captured by established interests in unequal countries. Captured reforms deepen rather than broaden access, as small elites obtain most of the benefits while risks are socialized. Financial liberalization motivated to increase access may in practice increase fragility and inequality, and lead to political backlash against reforms. Thus financial reforms may succeed only if matched by a buildup in oversight institutions. Journal of Comparative Economics 35 (4) (2007) 748–773.     

The Performance of Public and Private Enterprise under Conditions of Active and Passive Ownership and Competition and Monopoly

Privatisation is driven by the belief that public ownership is cost inefficient, in particular under monopoly. However, some theoretical and empirical studies have questioned whether privatisation will necessarily lead to efficiency gains. This paper focuses on the impact of ownership when owners can be either active or passive. Active owners decide on output, whereas passive owners delegate this decision to a risk-averse manager. It turns out that managerial slack as reflected in the marginal costs will actually be the same or higher in a private monopoly than under public ownership. The impact of entry is theoretically ambiguous, but an increased number of firms in an oligopoly may lead to lower efficiency.