Analysis of regional carbon allocation and carbon trading based on net primary productivity in China

Ecological balance and carbon sink economies have gained increased attention for tackling global warming. Based on an improved Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach model, this study demonstrated regional Net Primary Productivity (NPP) and analyzed regional carbon overdraft situations in China during 2005–2015. Regional carbon allowances were allocated according to carrying capacity of carbon sequestration and China's carbon intensity reduction goals in “13th Five-year plan”. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technology with panel data was further employed to estimate potential benefits resulting from carbon trading and a carbon sink economy. Regional NPP decreased from south to north and from coast to inland, while regions with severe carbon overdrafts were gathered in North and East China. In order to maintain a regional carbon balance with lower abatement costs, regional cooperation of emission reduction within either North or East China is proposed in this study. It is concluded that the majority of provinces and cities in Eastern China and some provinces in the west would be the major purchasers of carbon credits under a national carbon emissions trading (CET) market. Following the introduction of emissions offset mechanisms, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Heilongjiang would be the major providers of carbon sinks in China.     

Carbon dioxide emission typology and policy implications: Evidence from machine learning

The policy design of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission mitigation is a hotly debated topic in the context of “Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality” in China. This paper contributes to this debate by employing an unsupervised machine learning algorithm to uncover the CO₂ emission typology based on the provincial emission data in China from 2000 to 2018 for a precise design of CO₂ emission mitigation policy for heterogenous regional patterns. The results indicate that we can cluster the provinces into four CO₂ emission patterns: the under-developed pattern, the coal-dominated pattern, the oil-dominated pattern, and the gas-dominated pattern. Notably, both the under-developed pattern and the coal-dominated pattern have a large amount of CO₂ emission from fossil fuels, while the gas-dominated pattern could be regarded as the policy inclination as it relies more on low-carbon fuels. Moreover, we also reveal the transition routes of emission patterns from a dynamic perspective, which could help policymakers better understand the future trend of emission patterns in different regions. On the one hand, the CO₂ emission mitigation policies could have specified priorities in different patterns, ensuring the feasibility during the process of policy implementation. On the other hand, establishing a national unified carbon trade market could facilitate efficient energy transition in China, and prevent carbon leakage cross different regions as well.     

我国区域产学研合作效率评价——基于省际数据的DEA-Tobit分析

运用DEA—Tobit两步法对我国2010年的区域产学研合作效率及影响因素进行了评价和分析。研究结果表明：我国产学研合作的综合技术效率水平为0．846,综合技术无效率主要来源于纯技术无效率;区域产学研合作效率出现东西高、中部低的局面,且技术无效率是中部地区产学研合作无效率的重要原因;地区GDP增长率、教育经费占GDP的比重、技术市场交易金额占GDP的比重,以及区域内具有Rb-D活动的企业数与我国区域产学研合作效率显著正相关。     

我国区域产学研合作效率评价——基于省际数据的DEA-Tobit分析

运用DEA-Tobit两步法对我国2010年的区域产学研合作效率及影响因素进行了评价和分析。研究结果表明：我国产学研合作的综合技术效率水平为0.846,综合技术无效率主要来源于纯技术无效率;区域产学研合作效率出现东西高、中部低的局面,且技术无效率是中部地区产学研合作无效率的重要原因;地区GDP增长率、教育经费占GDP的比重、技术市场交易金额占GDP的比重,以及区域内具有R&D活动的企业数与我国区域产学研合作效率显著正相关。     

The relationship between china and Siberia/Russian Far East: Economic cooperation and security conflicts*

This paper analyzes the current relationship between China and Siberia/Russian Far East from the economic and political‐security perspectives. The relationship between China and Siberia/Russian Far East is that of cooperation and conflict. China gains natural resources and energy from Siberia/Russian Far East, while Siberia/Russian Far East secures consumer goods, food and labor to fill its shortage from China. The two regions are in an economically complementary relationship. However, they show differences in their interests in issues such as the Tuman River Development Project. If their economic cooperation could be called the “bright” side of their relationship, there exists the “dark” side of their relationship, which is the border dispute. The paper argues that as a way to reduce conflict and increase cooperation in Northeast Asia, a multilateral security/economic organization, tentatively called the “Organization for Security and Cooperation in Northeast Asia,” should soon be established.     

Understanding the NGO revolution in Korea

Using institution‐building theory from the school of neoliberalism, the paper examines the role of leadership and institutional bargaining in moving the “10+3” regional cooperation framework forward. The core argument developed here is that close cooperation between Japan and China is key to the future of “10+3”, and ASEAN states and South Korea should utilize the “10+3” platform for bringing Japan and China together. Finally, some ASEAN states’ fear that a more integrated East Asia will mean the withdrawal of U.S. presence in the region is very remote.     

中日一次能源消耗的碳排放及影响因素对比分析

中国和日本是一次能源消费大国，煤、石油和天然气消费比例较高，温室气体排放量较大。受国内能源强度、能源消费结构以及能源效率水平等因素的影响，日本国内碳减排成本远高于我国。《京都议定书》规定的国际碳减排机制为日本实现温室气体境外低成本减排提供了平台，也为我国带来了项目融资和引进环境技术的新机遇。但是，中日清洁发展机制环境合作的实践表明，国际碳减排机制对日本等发达国家实现碳减排目标的贡献较大，而对我国碳排放量的控制贡献较小。我国要想从根本上改善能源消费结构、实现碳减排，必须走低碳经济的发展道路。     

数字金融对碳排放强度的空间效应及影响机制

基于中国2011—2020年省级面板数据，采用双向固定效应模型、中介效应模型、空间计量模型研究数字金融对区域碳排放强度的影响。研究发现：数字金融发展对碳排放强度具有显著的抑制效应，进行内生性处理后结论依然成立；数字金融通过经济发展质量、产业结构升级降低了碳排放强度；空间溢出效应分析表明数字金融对邻近地区碳排放强度具有正向空间溢出效应。因此，各地区之间应保持紧密的合作，不断推进数字金融高质量发展，因地制宜地发展数字金融。     

Estimation of China＇s Embodied CO2 Emissions during 2000-2009

The problem of CO₂ embodied in international trade has attracted increasing attention in China. To analyze this issue, the present paper directly calculates emission factors for 15 industries in 2002, 2005 and 2007. We then examine a consumption‐based system and a single‐region input–output model to estimate China's embodied emissions during 2000–2009. Our results show that, when a consumption‐based system is adopted, China's emissions are lower than those reported by some international organizations. The rapid growth in China's exports is a key determinant of China's rising total emissions. All countries should strengthen their cooperation in improving their current greenhouse gas inventories. Furthermore, China needs to encourage trade in low‐carbon products and technology.     

Are Charters the Best Alternative? A Cost Frontier Analysis of Alternative Education Campuses in Texas

Previous research on the relative efficiency of charter schools focused on schools that serve a general student population. In Texas, as in many other states, some charter schools have been designed specifically to serve students who are at risk of dropping out of school. Such “alternative education campuses” may have very different cost and efficiency profiles than schools designed to serve students in regular education programs. In this article, we estimate a translog stochastic cost frontier model using panel data for alternative public high school campuses in Texas over the five‐year period 2007–2011, and find that alternative education high school campuses operated by charter schools are systematically more efficient than alternative education high school campuses operated by traditional public school districts. Policies that encourage the formation of alternative education charter campuses may thus be a sensible component of strategies to combat the pervasive and pernicious problem of high school dropouts.     

论新型工业化对泛珠三角工业合作的推动作用

新型工业化是党的“十六大”提出的未来我国经济发展的重要战略部署。走新型工业化道路有助于奠定泛珠三角工业合作的基础,解决泛珠三角工业合作的关键问题,实现泛珠三角工业合作的目的,提高泛珠三角工业合作的水平。     

党外代表人士管理问题研究

中国共产党历来高度重视加强党外代表人士队伍建设，《中共中央关于加强新形势下党外代表人士队伍建设的意见》的出台，为加强党外代表人士队伍建设提供了重要遵循，同时也对加强党外代表人士的管理工作提出了新的更高要求。文章在充分调查研究的基础上，提出构建“六类三层”的管理架构和“四位一体”的管理体系，推动党外代表人士管理步入规范化轨道。     

Bilateral political relations,space spillovers and the import expansion of China’s bulk commodity

The stability of bulk commodities imports is crucial to the development and stability of the country’s economy. Because its political attribute is more significant than other commodities, the trade of bulk commodities is more easily affected by bilateral political relations. However, there are only few studies examine the impact of political relations between countries and their spatial spillovers on bulk commodities’ imports. Based on “United Nations (UN) Voting General Assembly Voting Data” and “China Import and Export Statistics Data” from 1996 to 2014, this paper empirically examines the influence of the spatial spillover of China’s political relations with countries other than potential importing countries on the import expansion of China’s bulk commodity from the potential importing country. The results show that the improvement of bilateral political relations between China and other countries has a negative spatial spillover effect on the import of bulk commodities. However, this negative effect will be changed as China starts to establish a sound bilateral political relation with the potential importing country. Meanwhile, the more significant the political attributes of commodities, the greater the negative effect of spatial spillover. The import expansion of commodities with significant political attributes requires an improvement in direct bilateral relations.     

我国钢铁产业碳减排LEAP模型情景研究

文章借助长期能源规划软件LEAP软件,采用定量分析和定性分析相结合的方法模拟四种基本情景下我国钢铁产业的能源消费总量和CO2排放总量。模拟结果表明,第一,在影响碳排放的诸因素中,粗钢产量的增加是导致CO2排放量增加的主要因素,而能源效率的提高是CO2排放强度降低的重要因素;第二,中长期来看,我国铜铁产业仍然有相当的碳减排潜力,且实现钢铁产业减排的主要途径是产业结构调整和技术进步。这将有助于更加全面地认识我国钢铁产业未来节能减排的方向,同时可以为我国相关政策部门制定钢铁产业的相关政策提供切实可行的依据。     

环境规制对工业企业绿色创新效率的影响——基于空间杜宾模型的实证分析

对我国省域工业企业绿色创新效率的测算和财政分权条件下不同环境规制对企业绿色创新效率影响的分析表明,工业企业绿色创新效率具有明显的正向空间集聚效应,财政分权对工业企业绿色创新效率存在显著的抑制作用,不同环境规制工具存在明显差异,财政分权和环境规制的交互效应在“行政命令型”环境规制中尤为显著。不同地区的环境规制以及与财政分权的交互效应具有显著的区域异质性。我国应优化财政分权制度与地方官员绩效考核评价体系,充分考虑环境规制工具与地方财政分权的交互效应,在不同区域选择不同的环境规制工具,制定跨区域的环境规制政策,发挥东部地区绿色创新的优势,进一步完善中西部地区的绿色创新补偿机制。     

Assessing carbon emissions embodied in international trade based on shared responsibility

We study the carbon emissions of the world's five highest carbon emitters under three different criteria. In particular, we explore the shared responsibility (SR) criterion, under which both producers and consumers share the responsibility for emissions. Employing the multi-region input-output model to calculate the SR based on the value-added method, we can investigate carbon emissions at both national and sectoral levels. Between 2002–2014, carbon emissions in China and India grew dramatically. SR increased by 157% in China and 116% in India. The main driving force of China's carbon emissions was the rapid growth of its exports, and the main driver of India's carbon emissions was its high carbon-intensive production technologies. Although carbon emissions had a declining trend in the USA and Japan, it could have resulted from cross-border carbon leakage. More than 40% of the five countries’ national carbon emissions under SR were attributed to “electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply”. This overwhelming share was attributable to their large amounts of production and high carbon emission intensity.     

Is Globalization Reducing Poverty and Inequality?

Over the past 20 years or so India, China, and the rest of East Asia, experienced fast economic growth and falls in the poverty rate, Latin America stagnated, the former Soviet Union, Central and Eastern Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa regressed. But what are the net trends? The neoliberal argument says that world poverty and income inequality fell over the past two decades for the first time in more than a century and a half, thanks to the rising density of economic integration across national borders. The evidence therefore confirms that globalization in the context of the world economic regime in place since the end of Bretton Woods generates more “mutual benefit” than “conflicting interests.” This paper questions the empirical basis of the neoliberal argument.     

小额贷款公司与商业银行间的合作机制研究——以安徽省为例

文章从小额贷款公司和商业银行业务间不同定位与交叉,说明双方之间存在着天然合作关系的可能性。在详细分析了小额贷款公司与商业银行之间的业务关系后,表明双方之间不仅在横向业务竞争上存在互补关系,同时在纵向关系上也存在类似于"批发"和"零售"关系。分析总结了双方在合作上存在四个方面的问题,并提出相关解决方案,为研究小额贷款公司与商业银行之间的合作机制奠定理论基础。     

Economic spillover effects in the Bohai Rim Region of China: Is the economic growth of coastal counties beneficial for the whole area?

This study uses panel data on the Bohai Rim Region of China to test for spatial autocorrelation, and measures economic spatial spillover effects with the space Durbin econometric model. We discuss whether the economic development of coastal counties benefits the whole area. To do this, we focus on the “distance from the coast” factor, which is influenced by transportation time. The results indicate the presence of significant spatial autocorrelation in the Bohai Rim Region. Further, economic spatial spillover effects exist in this region. “Distance from the coast” exerts a significantly negative impact on the local GDP per capita but a significantly positive impact on the GDP per capita of other districts. This means that the economic development of coastal counties does not benefit the whole region. “Value of exports” exerts a significantly positive influence on the local economy and no significant influence on other counties, while “foreign direct investment” exerts a significantly positive influence on the local economy and a significantly negative influence on other counties. “Number of employees in units” exerts a significantly positive influence on the local economy and a significantly negative influence on the other counties. The factors “primary industry's share in GDP” and “tertiary industry's share in GDP” influence the local economy positively, but the former exerts no significant influence on other counties and the latter exerts a negative influence on other counties. “Rate of fixed asset investment” influences the local economy negatively and has no significant effect on other counties. “Total retail sales of social consumer goods” has no significant influence on the local economy but a positive significant influence on the others. Finally, marine resource utilization and marine output can affect economic growth positively. On this basis, we propose policy suggestions for harmonious economic development in this region.     

The triad in crisis: What we learned and how it will change global cooperation

This paper reviews the propagation of the 2008–2009 financial crisis through China, Japan and the United States (the “triad”) and analyzes the responses of these countries from the viewpoints of achieving recovery and returning to a growth path that will be free of the imbalances that limit long-term sustainability. For a variety of reasons, the triad countries are both key protagonists in the crisis, and central agents in the recovery from it. Greater cooperation among them will be important to ensure that the recovery that emerges leads to a sustainable growth path. Their actions are important also because they can have great influence on the responses of other countries. The paper concludes with an overview of areas in which cooperation is especially desirable.