THE TECHNICAL INEFFICIENCY EFFECTS OF TURKISH BANKS AFTER FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION

The banking sector in Turkey has grown significantly over the last two decades of financial liberalization. One of the aims of the financial liberalization was to improve efficiency through restructuring programs including the privatization of state banks and the encouragement of mergers. In this paper we identify key factors determining the technical efficiency differentials among Turkish commercial banks in the pre‐ and post‐liberalization periods, using the technical inefficiency effects model. We found that loan quality, size, ownership of the banks, and profitability have a positive and significant impact on the technical efficiencies of banks. The results warrant implementation of effective regulatory measures to improve the quality of the earning assets of commercial banks. Furthermore, steps by the government to encourage acquisitions or mergers for private banks and the privatization of state‐owned banks seem to be consistent in improving the overall efficiency of commercial banking in Turkey.     

技术进步、规模效应与银行效率变化

本文采用MalmquistTFP指数法,对国内主要商业银行1995—2008年全要素生产率（TFP）进行测算和分解,考察国内银行业改革发展过程中技术进步、规模效应与银行效率变化之间的关系。经验结果显示,1996—2002年期间国内商业银行垒要素生产率呈现衰退状况,其中技术变动指数和规模效率变动指数总体下降,可能在于这段时期内宏观经济环境及调控政策的变动。2003—2008年期间全要素生产率呈现总体好转,主要来源于技术进步及规模效率改善,国有银行股份制改造、加入WTO开放银行业等一系列制度变革举措产生了重要的促进作用;股份制银行的金要素生产率变化指数总体高于国有银行,主要得益于其技术进步的作用。国有银行的规模效率变化指数相对较高,因而在技术效率改进方面表现更佳,充分体现其规模优势。     

外资银行进入对东道国银行业效率的影响——东欧国家的经验与中国的实践

东欧国家银行改革的经验表明,外资银行进入能普遍提高东道国银行业的效率。但是,外资银行发挥积极作用亦取决于一定条件:东道国经济发展水平、银行业规模及发育程度、监管水平、银行业的改革路径和引资方式。本文在综述东欧国家银行业改革经验的基础上,提出中国银行业改革的7个命题,并用中国24家银行1999～2006年间的数据构建模型进行检验,最后得出结论:短期内外资银行进入会导致东道国银行业利润水平下降、风险管理水平上升,在中国的背景下可以认定这是外资银行积极作用的发挥;外资银行机构数量的增加和持股比重的上升都能刺激中国银行业效率的改进,但是外资银行持股比重的影响更具普遍性;不同类型银行对外资银行进入的反应存在差异,国有商业银行反应比较迟钝,而股份制和城市商业银行反应比较迅速。     

Branch expansion and banking efficiency in Sri Lanka’s post‐conflict era

This study assesses changes in the technical efficiency of commercial banks in Sri Lanka following the end of armed conflict in 2009. The weighted aggregate-efficiency technique, based on a group-wise heterogeneous subsampling bootstrap approach, is employed to compare efficiency levels during the periods 2007–2009 and 2010–2013. This technique allows for heterogeneity in environmental and regulatory conditions between the two periods while assuming homogeneity within each period. Our results reveal that the banking sector experienced a significant efficiency improvement post-conflict even with unprecedented branch expansion. The findings, therefore, controvert the mainstream view that bank efficiency declined with rapid industry expansion. Further, we conclude that geographical expansion of the banking sector is a viable and effective policy tool to achieve broad-based and inclusive growth for emerging economies like Sri Lanka, particularly in a period of post-conflict recovery.     

Efficiency measurement and decomposition for the Chinese state-owned commercial banks at the provincial level

This study adopts a bank production function approach to the measurement of efficiency of the Chinese state-owned commercial banking groups at the provincial level from 1998 to 2003. Applying Data Envelopment Analysis and efficiency decomposition analysis, this paper for the first time presents detailed empirical evidence on the technical efficiencies of the Chinese state-owned commercial banks across both the provinces and banking groups. The empirical evidence has revealed limited effects of the banking reform programmes and highlighted the need to encourage spatial competition and corporate governance reform across Chinese provinces and to take differential strategies to further improve operational efficiency at the provincial branch level.     

Drivers of technical efficiency in Malaysian banking: a new empirical insight

Restructuring and rationalisation of Malaysian banking in 2000 and the subsequent policy of deregulation and liberalisation adopted by Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) have resulted in a significant transformation of Malaysian banking. Banks are now poised to play a pivotal role in the economic transformation of the economy as envisaged in the Financial Sector Blue Print 2011–20 of BNM. Using the data envelopment analysis technique, the technical efficiency of 19 commercial banks (8 domestic banks and 11 foreign banks) operating in Malaysia during 2005–12 is evaluated. Then, using bootstrap‐corrected efficiency scores, the drivers of bank efficiency were estimated using the Tobit regression approach. Results clearly show that three large domestic banks are not only more efficient than their counterparts, but are also more efficient than the foreign banks. Bank size and return on assets are found to be the significant drivers of technical efficiency of Malaysian banks. Capital adequacy and the advances to deposit ratio also have a role in driving technical efficiency. The results also indicate that banks that are more effective in managing credit risk, as reflected in a lower level of non‐performing assets as a percentage of total assets, and have lower levels of personnel expenses to total assets, are more efficient. The findings have significant implications at the individual bank level and also at the policy level.     

Cost and profit efficiency of Chinese banks: A non-parametric analysis

Using a non-parametric technique for data from 1995 to 2004, we investigate the cost and profit efficiency of 28 Chinese commercial banks. We examine the influence of ownership type, size, risk profile, profitability and key environmental changes on the bank efficiency using a Tobit regression. Consistent with the existing literature, we find that profit efficiency levels are well below those of cost efficiency. This suggests that the most important inefficiencies are on the revenue side. Our findings are also consistent with prior evidence on ownership and efficiency: joint-stock banks (national and city-based), on average, appear to be more cost- and profit-efficient than state-owned banks while medium-sized banks are significantly more efficient than small and large banks. These and other results suggest the need for speedier reforms to open the banking market, improving risk management, minimizing the government's capital subsidy and diversifying ownership of Chinese banks.     

Determinants of Technical Efficiency in Chinese Banking: A Double Bootstrap Data Envelopment Analysis Approach

Abstract

The main objective of this study is to measure the technical efficiency level of the Chinese banking industry. It uses a double bootstrap data envelopment analysis approach to compute bias-corrected efficiency scores and investigate the determinants of bank efficiency in China between 2003 and 2010. We observe that Chinese commercial banks regardless of ownership have shown improved efficiency from 2003 to 2010. Our results show a significant difference in the performance between state-owned banks and joint-stock banks over the period analyzed. Moreover, the equity-to-asset ratio also significantly explains variations in inefficiency across Chinese commercial banks. Initial public offering is considered one of the effective ways to improve bank efficiency in China. Overall, the present study provides valuable empirical information that can be used to help guide deliberations regarding future reform policies.     

中国银行业的市场结构与银行绩效关系研究——基于33家商业银行面板数据的实证检验

以33家商业银行1997—2004年的数据为研究对象,以赫芬达尔指数作为衡量市场结构指标,本文对中国银行业市场结构与银行绩效关系进行了研究。研究结果表明,市场集中度降低对四大国有商业银行盈利能力没有产生显著性影响,但削弱了其他股份制商业银行和城市商业银行的盈利能力。市场集中度与所有银行净利息边际存在显著的负相关关系,不能跨地域经营的城市商业银行净利息边际显著低于其他商业银行。因此应该适度放开城市商业银行经营的地城限制。并防止过度竞争。     

中国银行业X效率实证研究

本文考察了1997-2002年间中国14家商业银行技术效率、配置效率和X效率的变化情况。其中DEA用以计算各银行的效率得分情况,Bootstrap回归分析用以确定银行效率的影响因素。研究表明,中国银行业近年来效率显著改善,国有商业银行的效率低于股份制银行。低效率的原因主要归咎于配置低效率和规模低效率,这意味着金融管制的进一步放松和国有银行继续精简机构是必要的。回归分析显示单一国有产权对三种类型的效率都有显著的负向影响,因此可以期待正在进行的国有银行股份制改造取得良好的效果。     

A Bayesian Efficiency Analysis of Angolan Banks

This article studied the technical efficiency of Angolan banks from 2005 to 2012 using a Bayesian stochastic frontier model. The intermediation approach to banking was adopted. The results revealed that Angolan banks were very efficient and that efficiency varies little among the banks analysed. Furthermore, the differences in efficiency between foreign banks, public banks, large‐sized banks and banks that belong to a local conglomerate were examined. It was concluded that the greatest efficiency was to be found in the case of foreign banks. Since size and conglomerate membership do not seem to lead to greater bank efficiency, it was proposed that Angolan policymakers should promote competition in the banking sector.     

我国影子银行对银行业系统性风险影响研究——基于内生化房地产商的DSGE模型分析

近年来我国房价的持续上涨促使大量资金借道影子银行体系流向房地产市场,推动了金融体系内系统性风险的集聚。有鉴于此,文章构建了内生化房地产商的DSGE模型,以此探讨影子银行对银行业系统性风险的影响。实证结果表明,影子银行融资利差增大、房地产需求的扩张以及紧缩的货币政策冲击均会使商业银行资金向影子银行转移,促使融资杠杆率提升,加大银行业系统性风险;因此,目前我国稳健中性的货币政策,能够合理引导预期稳定房价,有利于防控系统性金融风险。然而,在紧缩性货币政策冲击下,商业银行贷款利率随着影子银行融资利率的下降而出现下降,说明影子银行的存在一定程度上造成了货币政策传导机制的失效。文章研究结论对引导我国影子银行健康发展、防范系统性金融风险具有重要政策启示。     

经济发展与国有商业银行利润效率

体制改革中国有商业银行盈利能力备受瞩目,以往认为盈利能力差的国有商业银行在世界金融危机期间成为世界最赚钱的银行。本文从不完全竞争厂商利润最大化角度设定随机前沿法利润效率分析模型,以财务盈利能力指标ROAA作为第三方检验标准,分析了1996至2010年我国商业银行利润效率与经济发展指标之间的联系。结果表明:国有商业银行利润效率历经高速增长2003年开始高于其他股份制商业银行;国有商业银行利润效率与GDP增长率和固定资产投资增长率强相关,与消费增长率弱相关;而股份制商业银行利润效率与宏观经济指标相关度弱。由此推断,后危机时代经济增长速度减缓将对国有商业银行利润效率形成较强冲击,而对股份制商业银行影响小,同时消费领域可能成为未来国有商业银行新的利润增长点。     

Navigating the Impact of Globalization on Bank Efficiency in China

The paper provides for the first time empirical evidence on the impact of economic globalization on bank efficiency in a developing economy. Using the data envelopment analysis method, we compute the efficiency of the Chinese banking sector during 2000–2007. The empirical findings suggest that the inefficiency of the Chinese banking sector stems largely from scale rather than pure technical inefficiencies. Examining different components of economic globalization, we find that greater economic integration through higher trade flows, cultural proximity and political globalization have significant and positive influence on bank efficiency levels. The empirical findings suggest that liberalization (restrictions) of the capital account exerts a negative (positive) influence on bank efficiency levels in China.     

论商业银行法律风险及其控制措施

金融是现代经济的核心,而银行业又是金融业的核心,银行业风险问题不仅威胁到银行自身的生存,而且会影响到金融安全、经济发展和社会稳定。本文通过对商业银行法律风险的概念、特点及分类的分析,提出了商业银行法律风险的控制措施。     

Does Property Rights Reform Improve the Efficiency of China＇s State-owned Banks？

China ＂s state-owned banks have undergone radical changes over the past two decades, including partial privatization and listing in both the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and the Shanghai Stock Exchange. This paper evaluates the effects of these changes by analyzing the efficiency of Chinese banks over the period 1998-2012 using two frontier techniques and comparative analysis. The findings suggest that the performance and technical efficiency of the Big Four banks improved considerably after property rights reform, but this improvement is not sufficient to keep the banks at the production frontier. Tobit regressions confirm that static ownership effects are negative but that the property rights reform has had significant and positive effects on the technical efficiency of state-owned commercial banks. GDP growth and the financial crisis have had positive effects on the efficiency of Chinese banks, which is more significant for joint stock commercial banks than state-owned commercial banks. The results indicate the value of ownership reforms of state-owned asset management companies and insurance companies and the establishment of a countercyclical capital buffer.     

我国商业银行全要素生产率实证研究:1996-2012——基于无导向型DEA-Malmquist指数模型

文章通过构建无导向型DEA-Malmquist指数模型,对我国商业银行的全要素生产率进行了评估。结果显示:1996-2012年,我国银行业的全要素生产率有所提升,但提升速度较慢;已有的银行业改革虽有效果却不够深入;较高的进入壁垒、过严的业务监管以及单一的股权结构是我国银行业效率低下的主要根源。因此,应继续推进并深化银行业改革,降低银行业的进入门槛,放宽银行业的业务管制,丰富商业银行的股权结构,促进金融资源配置效率的不断提高。     

跨境资本周期性波动对中国银行部门的风险溢出机制分析

本文从周期角度出发,构建结构模型和双重△CoVaR模型,探究跨境负债和资产的扩张或收缩对银行部门的风险溢出机制。结果显示:第一,跨境资本周期性波动对银行部门具有显著的风险溢出效应,跨境负债波动的溢出效应强于跨境资产。第二,跨境资本周期性波动通过影响中小银行风险承担和风险实现以及大型银行的风险放大作用影响银行部门。特别地,股份制银行在受冲击和风险放大方面均具有重要作用。第三,跨境资本扩张带来的风险承担会显著提高未来银行业系统性风险实现水平。本文为提高跨境资本管理质量提供了科学依据。     

我国商业银行开展投资银行业务的模式设计

混业经营的外资银行全面进入中国,将对国内银行形成巨大挑战。本文结合理论与国内实际情况,论述了我国商业银行开展投资银行的必要性。在对西方商业银行从事投资银行业务模式进行比较研究的基础上,根据我国目前的实际运行模式及其将来的发展要求,提出我国商业银行从事投资银行业务未来的主流目标模式。     

我国商业银行整体操作风险评估分析 ——基于损失分布的蒙特卡罗模拟方法

金融业的全球化竞争和金融管制的放松,使商业银行面临的操作风险不断上升。我国商业银行操作风险形成的内因和外因有很多,通过利用损失分布法对我国商业银行操作风险进行实证分析认为,目前,我国商业银行操作风险还处在可控的范围之中。但随着商业银行业务的快速增长,资本金不够的隐忧仍然存在。在未来要加强数据搜集整理,建立我国自身的操作风险损失数据库;要选择适合自身的操作风险度量方法;建立有效、科学、实时的商业银行操作风险预警系统。