改革中的过度投资需求和效率损失-中国分省固定资产投资案例分析

本文的中心议题是投资效率。我们从基于标准生产函数的投资需求模型出发,从投资需求所处的非均衡状态入手来讨论投资效率。投资需求的非均衡状态由实际投资与理论投资间的偏离来定义。我们将投资效率分成投资的配置效率和投资的生产效率两个方面,并将配置效率与经济制度因素联系起来。我们使用样本期为1989—2000年的中国分省面板数据作为模型分析的实例。分析的重心是中国的过度投资需求在多大程度上是由总投资的配置效率欠佳所造成的。从实例分析中我们发现,资本价格对投资需求几乎无影响,而扩张性的中央与地方财政却对投资需求有着强烈的影响。我们还发现,各省过度投资间存在彼此攀比的网络效应。然而,一旦将这些制度因素分离开来,投资配置效率还是渐有改善的。同时,地区间投资不均的程度也不断有所下降。从投资的生产效率指标估值看,东部沿海省份的效率一般高于西部省份的效率,这是与地区经济的发展水平基本一致的。     

改革中的过度投资需求和效率损失——中国分省固定资产投资案例分析

本的中心议题是投资效率。我们从基于标准生产函数的投资需求模型出发，从投资需求所处的非均衡状态入手来讨论投资效率。投资需求的非均衡状态由实际投资与理论投资间的偏离来定义。我们将投资效率分成投资的配置效率和投资的生产效率两个方面，并将配置效率与经济制度因素联系起来。我们使用样本期为1989—2000年的中国分省面板数据作为模型分析的实例。分析的重心是中国的过度投资需求在多大程度上是由总投资的配置效率欠佳所造成的。从实例分析中我们发现，资本价格对投资需求几乎无影-向，而扩张性的中央与地方财政却对投资需求有着强烈的影响。我们还发现，各省过度投资间存在彼此攀比的网络效应。然而，一旦将这些制度因素分离开来，投资配置效率还是渐有改善的。同时，地区间投资不均的程度也不断有所下降。从投资的生产效率指标估值看，东部沿海省份的效率一般高于西部省份的效率，这是与地区经济的发展水平基本一致的。     

中国农业绿色生产效率的测度及其影响因素分析

文章基于超效率SBM模型测算中国2012—2020年各省份农业绿色生产效率,并利用Tobit模型实证分析农业绿色生产效率的影响因素及影响程度。结果显示,省份间农业绿色生产效率差异呈现缩小态势,落后省份的追赶成效开始显现,但与领先省份间的差距仍然较大;农业绿色生产效率具有明显的地区差异,东部和东北地区省份农业绿色生产效率领先于中西部地区,整体呈“中部塌陷”分布格局。进一步研究发现,农业科研财政拨款、城镇化率、农业生态补偿政策等因素均是促进农业绿色生产效率增长的重要原因,而农作物受灾面积、农业机械投入强度会显著抑制农业绿色生产效率提升。在控制省份间社会经济发展水平差异后,各影响因素对农业绿色生产效率的影响方向及显著性保持不变。     

中国区域投资效率的非均衡性分析

区域投资效率差异是引起区域经济增长非均衡性的重要变量,本文在测算1978年以来我国省际增量资本产出比的基础上,综合运用差异测度方法和泰尔指数分解方法分析省际投资效率和地区投资效率的差异,以揭示区域经济增长效率的非均衡性。结果表明,初始改革对地区生产效率的激励是非均衡的,区域投资效率的非均衡性主要来源于地区内部的差异。     

中国中部地区金融资源空间配置效率研究

文章基于近10年中部地区的金融资源投入、产出数据,采用数据包络分析法下的DEA模型对中部六省的金融发展状况和金融资源配置效率进行测度分析,进而探究了中部六省的金融资源配置效率的时空分布格局.研究认为:中部地区的金融资源配置效率呈现"U"型发展趋势,并且处于空间非均衡状态,中部地区各个省份的技术进步率和技术效率普遍高于规模效率,中部地区金融制度和金融体系不完善是造成金融资源配置效率较低的主要因素,而且金融资源在产业、行业和企业间难以有效发挥规模效应是中部地区金融资源配置效率低的根源.由此,研究指出应通过金融体制改革、加强金融市场化程度、增强地区间的金融合作等路径来推动中部地区金融资源自由流动,进而实现资源的优化配置.     

企业过度投资的制约因素分析

近几年,中国呈现经济过热的现象,过热的经济带动了社会上过度投资的情况,致使资源的浪费、配置效率低下。文章从理论的角度对企业过度投资进行了分析,通过分析过度投资的原因,指出制约过度投资的因素,从而提出制约过度投资的措施和政策建议。     

中国的投资效率与过度投资问题研究

本文通过对投资效率以及过度投资的实证分析和经验推断后认为,从总体上说,从总量投资效率来考察,中国经济并不存在投资过热或过度投资现象,即中国的高投资不存在低效率问题.但是,从局部上看,在个别产业、个别地区和个别行业存在过度投资或者说投资低效问题.其政策含义是,针对局部地区和行业的投资过热和过度投资所进行的宏观调控是必要的,但不能一味地搞"一刀切".在进一步健全投资领域市场化机制的基础上,依靠市场力量提升投资效率.     

碳排放约束下中国省际农业生产效率 及其影响因素研究

本文从系统论的角度出发,将农业碳排放量纳入农业生产效率研究框架内。首先,综合运用3个DEA模型,测算了2004-2010年中国30个省份农业生产效率,探索中国各省份、三大地区间的效率差异,并给出农业资源利用效率的4种模式,然后,利用Tobit模型检验农业生产效率的影响因素。结果表明：考察期内中国农业生产效率有所提升,但仍处于较低水平,纯技术效率低下是制约农业生产效率提升的主要因素;各省份、三大地区间效率差异明显,东部地区最高,而中西部地区均低于全国平均水平;全国有60%的省份农业资源利用模式为低经济低环境效率型,这些省份主要来自于中西部地区;农田抗灾能力、农村用电量和研发经费的提高对全国农业生产效率的提升具有积极影响,而基础教育水平、产业结构以及农村金融支持的影响并不显著。     

我国资本配置效率的区域差异分析及其成因分解

在对经济增长中资本要素作用有关研究成果总结和批判的基础上,文章利用相关计量方法对我国地区资本配置效率差距进行静态和动态的实证研究,并利用面板数据回归模型对地区配置效率的差异进行因素分解,分析结果显示,地区资本配置效率的差异不具有收敛的特征,造成地区差距扩大的原因主要是地区市场化、政府干预水平、对外开放程度存在非均衡.     

投资需求、治理机制与现金融资及过度投资——基于中国上市公司的实证研究

本文在指出已有研究不足的基础上,对投资需求、公司治理机制对现金融资的影响进行了实证分析,进一步对是否存在过度投资进行了判断.结果表明,上市公司现金融资与其投资需求是密切相关的,同时,上市公司的融资行为与控制权配置之间有着密切的联系,而投资则存在着过度投资现象.     

HOW EFFICIENT HAS BEEN CHINA'S INVESTMENT? EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL DATA

Abstract.  This paper analyses both the allocative efficiency and the dynamic efficiency of China's spending on capital. We examine the relationship between investment flows and the marginal product of capital computed by estimating the Cobb-Douglas and CES production functions at both the national and provincial levels. We also investigate dynamic efficiency by comparing the share of capital in national income and the rate of investment. The main finding is that the allocative efficiency of capital in China has improved in recent years, but the high rate of investment may be a sign of dynamic inefficiency of the Chinese economy.     

Sources of investment inefficiency: The case of fixed-asset investment in China

This study attempts to measure the inefficiency associated with aggregate investment in a transitional economy. The inefficiency is decomposed into allocative and technical inefficiency based on standard production theory. Allocative inefficiency is measured by the deviation of actual investment from the theoretically desired investment demand. Institutional factors are then identified as part of the driving force of the deviation. The resulting model is applied to Chinese provincial panel data. The main findings are: Chinese investment demand is strongly receptive to expansionary fiscal policies and inter-provincial network effects; the tendency of over-investment remains, even with signs of increasing allocative efficiency and improving technical efficiency.     

Economic inefficiency in a revenue setting: the Norwegian whitefish fishery

The main focus in the inefficiency literature is on suboptimal input use and how this causes increased costs, due to technical and allocative inefficiency. Production or cost functions are then typically used to describe the underlying technology of the firm. The possible revenue loss, due to lower than maximum production levels and suboptimal output mix, has received substantially less attention. By using a revenue function to measure inefficiency, the focus, model and estimation technique presented in this article differ from those of previous studies. A shadow revenue model is used to decompose revenue inefficiency into its technical and allocative components, in which the allocative inefficiency is due to a suboptimal output mix. The approach is illustrated using panel data of Norwegian whitefish trawlers. The results reveal large inefficiencies, with respect to output levels as well as output mix, indicating that this can be an important part of the picture when investigating economic inefficiency. To identify the determinants of revenue inefficiency, we conduct a second-step regression, in which technical and allocative inefficiency is regressed upon a set of explanatory variables. The inefficiencies are partly explained by the management system and fleet structure.     

The effect of risk-based capital requirements on profit efficiency in banking

The purpose of this paper is twofold: to show how to measure profit efficiency in banking using a newly developed technique, and to use that technique to determine the effect of risk-based capital requirements on the profit performance of US banks. The measure of profit efficiency used captures deviations from profit maximization arising from technical inefficiency, caused by a lack of managerial oversight and allocative inefficiency, which is caused by managers choosing a nonoptimal mix of inputs and outputs. A leverage ratio constraint and a risk-weighted capital ratio constraint are explicitly included in the model, which allows identification of the effect on profits of those constraints. The techniques are applied to random samples of US banks for 1990, 1992, and 1994. The results indicate that allocative inefficiency is a larger source of profit loss than technical inefficiency and that the risk-based capital standards have a significant effect on bank allocative efficiency.     

Banking deregulation and allocative efficiency in Pakistan

This article examines the impact of deregulation policies on allocative efficiency of banks in Pakistan. It investigates whether deregulation has impacted the pattern of allocative efficiency of banks and explores which bank ownership segment has been more responsive. It uses data from 1991 to 2005 and explicitly models allocative inefficiency by using the translog shadow cost-share system. Empirical results show that overregulation and imperfect market structure hampers the ability of banks to make competitive decisions. We find evidence of allocative inefficiency leading to over-utilization of labour and deposits vis-à-vis operating cost. Empirical results for time-varying allocative efficiency show declining levels of allocative inefficiency for state-owned and private banks in post-reform period. Deregulation policies induce state-owned banks to decrease over-utilization of labour relative to deposits and operating cost while private banks succeed in using operating cost closer to optimal levels. Hence, policymakers have latitude to introduce more reforms without jeopardizing allocative efficiency.     

Bus transit technical efficiency using latent class stochastic indirect production frontier

Using an Indirect Production Frontier (IPF), this article examines technical inefficiency within a latent class framework while simultaneously accounting for allocative distortions from operating and capital subsidies. It identifies two latent classes of US public transit systems, one characterized by economies of scale with 16.61% technical inefficiency and the other by diseconomies of scale with 14.16% technical inefficiency. It decomposes technical inefficiency among some of its sources and finds that the incentive tier of federal operating subsidies, regulations regarding years of vehicle use, subsidy-induced allocative distortion from labour overuse relative to capital negatively influence technical inefficiency in all transit systems. For the Latent Class 1 transit systems, the sources of lower technical inefficiency are operating speed, purchased transportation and years-of-vehicle-use regulation. For the Latent Class 2 transit systems, these sources are subsidy-induced capital-labour allocative distortion and the incentive tier component of the federal formula grant.     

Government Interventions, Market Imperfections, and Technical Inefficiency in a Mixed Economy: A Case Study of Indian Agriculture

This paper uses an output-maximizing framework in the presence of expenditure constraint to measure output loss and input misallocation resulting from market distortions and technical inefficiency. A generalized indirect production function accommodating allocative distortions and technical inefficiency is used. Allocative distortions are captured in terms of effective (shadow) prices in which distortion parameters are both farm- and input-specific. The stochastic frontier approach is used to model technical inefficiency. Using farm-level data on 105 jute growers from West Bengal, India, we find that average output losses due to allocative distortions and technical inefficiency are 6.3% and 14%, respectively.     

An Experimental Study of the Effect of Private Information in the Coase Theorem

We investigate, in an experimental setting, the effect of private information on the Coase theorem's predictions of efficiency and allocative neutrality. For a two-person bargaining game, we find significantly more inefficiency and allocative bias in the case of private information compared with the case of complete information. We also find substantial bargaining breakdown, which is not predicted by the Coase theorem. For the case of private information, we reject the Coase theorem in favor of the alternative of a generalized version of the Myerson—Satterthwaite theorem, which predicts inefficiency, allocative bias in the direction of the disagreement point, and some bargaining breakdown.     

Federal fiscal transfer rules in monetary unions

This paper considers simple rules for federal fiscal transfers that automatically redistribute funds among member states of a monetary union to counteract adverse idiosyncratic shocks. The transfer rules target regional differences in nominal GDP, consumption spending, labor income, and fiscal deficits. Targeting regional fiscal deficits is the only rule that reduces consumption fluctuations and that promotes interregional consumption risk sharing, but the overall welfare effect is negative. In contrast, targeting regional differences in labor income yields the largest welfare gains, but it also yields the largest fluctuations in consumption and real GDP. It is demonstrated that the welfare gains primarily stem from reducing the allocative inefficiency of input factors caused by nominal rigidities. The optimal transfer rule essentially implies a combination of consumption spending and labor income targeting, and it primarily targets the allocative inefficiency of factor inputs at the cost of lower interregional consumption risk sharing.     

Determinants of banks’ Nerlovian economic efficiency: a DEA-bootstrap approach

ABSTRACT

This study aims to evaluate the Nerlovian economic efficiency of Taiwanese commercial banks and its determinants by assuming the presence of an imperfectly competitive market using a two-stage estimation procedure: Nerlovian economic inefficiency and its components’ price, technical and allocative efficiencies computed and decomposed in the first stage, which are regressed on the explanatory variables with a bootstrapped truncated approach in the second stage. The estimation results show that in the first-stage analysis, the Nerlovian economic inefficiency of banks is primarily due to allocative inefficiency, and indicate the existence of price inefficiency in Taiwan. In the second-stage analysis, the results confirm that both the years in operation of the bank and the ratio of credit loans are the main determinants of banking profit efficiency. In addition, this study not only shows that publicly owned banks contribute to better price efficiency but also proves that loan loss reserve to total assets is negatively associated with technical efficiency. The equity ratio exerts an insignificant favourable impact on allocative efficiency. The findings of this research are essential for bank managers in Taiwan.