中国居民收入分配问题研究的一部力作-《再论改革与发展中的收入分配》一书评介

改革开放以来,随着经济体制的转变和经济的迅速发展,我国收入分配格局发生了很大的变化,收入差距总体上呈现出不断扩大的趋势。从而吸引了许多经济学家投身于这一研究领域,并取得了一系列重要科研成果。南开大学的陈宗胜教授是较早跨入这一领域,并且不断耕耘、取得较为丰硕的研     

我国收入分配面临的问题及其对策研究

自改革开放以来,我国的经济取得了快速的发展,与此同时,我国收入分配不公已受到社会各界广泛关注。在我国,城乡之间、地区之间、行业之间的居民收入存在明显的差距。调节收入分配,缩小贫富差距,必须坚持一切从我国实际情况出发,制定正确的政策,促进我国收入分配制度的不断完善。     

关于我国社会收入分配问题的若干思考——兼评《社会主义收入分配论》一书

<正> 由青年学者王森、王文立合著,经济日报出版社出版的《社会主义收入分配论》一书(以下简称《分配》),是我国经济体制改革以来在经济学中分配领域的一部重要学术专著;该书从体系设计到论点阐述都颇有新意,是一项值得称赞的学术成就。 在改革之前,我国的收入分配不公着重表现为高度集中体制下,长期冻结工资物价造成的严重的平均主义;而现阶段的收入不公,是由于新旧体制     

中国居民收入分配理论与实证研究的一部新作——推介陈宗胜、周云波著《再论改革与发展中的收入分配》一书

一、引　言随着我国改革与发展进程的不断推进 ,中国居民的收入分配状况日益受到越来越多的经济学家和实际工作者的关注 ,这方面的理论文献越来越丰富 ,从而为这一复杂领域的进一步研究 ,也为收入分配实际工作的改进做出了较大的贡献。我本人曾就收入分配体制改革和政策机制调整发表过意见 (谷书堂 ,1 989) ,另外有些学者就收入分配差别的实证研究一直在进行探索 ,其中有不少学者是多年专门研究收入分配差别问题的经济学家。陈宗胜教授从 2 0世纪 80年代末至今在收入分配领域发表了一系列有一定影响的理论著述 ,同时通过教授学生也培养了一…     

实践为基、理论为凭、着眼决策、科学求证——《居民收入与国民经济协调增长:理论与实证》评介

收入分配问题是一个世界性问题。无论是发达国家还是发展中国家都不同程度地存在收入分配问题。改革开放以来,我国经济在快速增长的过程中,居民收入增长缓慢和收入分配不公的问题也日显突出,在一定程度上影响了经济的可持续增长和社会和谐稳定。如何在"十二五"时期制定出台有针对性的政策措施,缓解我国城乡、区域、行业和社会成员之间收入     

构建效率与公平相统一的收入分配体制研究

我国改革开放以来,国民经济快速发展,社会财富大幅增长,人民生活水平总体上得到了提高.但同时随之出现了收入分配不公平、居民之间收入差距过大以及差距不断扩大的现象.为解决这一问题,关键在于处理好效率与公平之间的关系,实现公平与效率的统一与结合;在国民收入的初次分配和再分配中都要处理好效率和公平的关系,再分配更加注重公平;深化现有收入分配制度改革,建立效率与公平相统一的收入分配体制,缩小过大收入差距,实现分配公平.     

经济波动中的收入分配与有效需求——基于1990-2007年中国数据的再检验

从资本存量与收入流量均衡的角度,本文分析了在经济波动的过程中,功能性收入分配比例的变化将会对有效需求结构产生影响,这是构成中国经济波动的内在机制.并通过实证分析,提出政府在调节经济的同时,应特别注意到有效需求问题,保持资本存量与收入流量之间的适当比例关系,并调整收入分配.这对实现国民经济平稳、快速的增长有着重要的意义.     

THE IMPACT OF FEMALE WORK ON FAMILY INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES: BLACK-WHITE DIFFERENTIALS*

Using data from the 1973 National Survey of Family Growth, the present study analyzes, for blacks and whites separately, the impact of female market activity on the inequality of the income distribution among households. The family life cycle is divided into three stages, according to the presence and age of children: (1) the interval between marriage and the birth of the first child, (2) the child-rearing interval, and (3) a final period which begins when all the children have reached school age. Using the coefficient of variation as an indicator of inequality, the empirical results show that in period 1, the contribution of white working wives has a large equalizing impact, while that of their black counterparts results in a slight increase in dispersion. In the child-rearing and post child-rearing stages, the labor supply of mothers decreases family income inequality by a small amount for both black and white households. A decomposition of the squared coefficient of variation of family income is presented to aid in the interpretation of these findings.     

中国城市居民收入分布的变化:1988-1999年

该文主要运用微观计量的方法对1988-1999年间中国城市居民收入分布的变动情况进行分解,以定量地分析各种因素--人群禀赋和参数结构对收入分布差别的影响,同时对各种因素的相对重要性作出评估.结论表明,工资或所得方程的参数结构对收入分布的影响很大,其中省份和人力资本变量的影响最为突出.人群不可观察特征之分布的变化对收入分布的影响不大.教育选择方程参数的改变对收入分布的影响非常大,其次是参与选择方程行为参数的影响.     

INCOME REDISTRIBUTION IN URBAN CHINA BY SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM—AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS BASED ON ANNUAL AND LIFETIME INCOME

This study investigates the redistributive effect of social security reform in urban China using the nationally representative urban household surveys of 1995 and 2002. The main findings are as follows. First, public pension is the main income for the elderly in urban China. The majority of people aged 60 and over (72% in 1995 and 82% in 2002) receive a pension. Second, the social security system in urban China has increased the income of low‐income and older age groups and reduced the relative poverty rate. However, the redistributive effect did not offset the expanding income inequality, which resulted in the Gini coefficient of redistributed income in 2002 being higher than that in 1995. Third, during 1995 and 2002, both low‐income and high‐income groups received a positive net benefit from the social security system, but the net benefit increased with income. The Chinese social security system lacks progressivity in contribution, and does not favor the poor in terms of benefits. Fourth, assuming that the reformed policy was applied to public sector employees, the long‐term redistributive effect of the pension system for the working population, calculated using their lifetime income, is larger. (JEL D31, H55, I38)     

中国社会福利和收入再分配：1988-2007年

基于中国居民收入分配课题组（CHIPs）1988-2007年的住户调查数据,本文分析了中国福利体系的大小、结构及其再分配性质。本文发现,中国的福利体系仍然存在巨大的城乡分割,城市居民的社会福利更全面,福利收入更丰厚,其福利水平接近于一些西方发达国家;而农村的福利制度则不完善,福利收入非常微薄。同时,城市的福利收入体系尽管近几年的再分配作用有所减弱,但总体而言是累进的,有效降低了收入不平等。而农村的福利体系几乎对收入差距的缩小没有影响,但从2007年的结果来看,农村累退的福利体系开始向累进的方向转变。农民工的社会福利收入在2002-2007年间大幅度增加,并发挥了巨大的再分配作用。     

EFFECTS OF TAXES AND BENEFITS ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN KOREA

This paper examines the redistributive effects of Korea's fiscal policies, including consumption taxes and in‐kind benefits. Using the Household Income and Expenditure Survey of 2007, we find that taxes and transfers reduce income inequality in Korea by 13.8 percent. Contrary to the popular belief that direct taxes are the key tool for redistribution, in‐kind benefits, direct taxes, and social security contributions all decrease the Gini coefficient by 6.7, 4.7, and 2.9 percentage points, respectively. The redistributive effect of consumption taxes is small and negative (?0.5 percentage point). Policy simulations indicate that education spending financed by the personal income tax has a positive redistributive effect and that the lower 70 percent of households enjoy positive net benefits. Spending targeting the poor has a strong redistributive effect, which implies low popularity because the majority of households face net losses.     

DATA SOURCES ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN BANGLADESH, INDIA, PAKISTAN AND SRI LANKA: AN EVALUATION

This paper examines the data base available in four South Asian countries, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, for the examination of trends in real inequality and poverty. Taking the position that sample surveys of household income and consumption are the only really adequate bases on which size distributions of income for a less developed country can be constructed, the paper examines in Section I the reliability of the surveys available in the four countries. Section II evaluates available price data. Section III looks at directions for future development of data collection. The conclusion is reached that sample surveys regularly conducted in these countries do not provide a particularly good basis for this type of analysis. Needed alterations include permitting access to the primary data (or redesign of published tabulations to meet the needs of this type of analysis), use of per capita rather than total household income and consumption, better coverage of regions and occupations, and exploitation of the price data implicit in the survey data collected. Further, the surveys themselves need to be overhauled, especially with regard to timing of interviews. The paper concludes with a short discussion of alternatives to estimates of inequality that can be used to measure absolute deprivation, such as the QUAC stick for identifying nutritional insufficiency.     

收入增长和分配对我国农村减贫的影响-方法、特征与证据

改革开放30年来,在农村居民收入水平快速增长的大背景下,农村减贫进程却表现出明显的波动性和不一致性。基于此,本文在贫困分解的基础上,运用贫困弹性的动态特征,从理论和实证的角度探讨了收入增长和收入分配对贫困减少的影响,解释上述问题。文章发现:(1)人均收入水平越高,贫困越有可能和收入不平等联系在一起;(2)收入不平等越严重的地区,贫困对收入不平等的反应越迟钝;(3)1998年是我国农村反贫困性质发生改变的拐点。文章建议,今后农村反贫困政策的重点应从以促进收入增长的开发式扶贫向以改善收入分配为重点的社会保护式扶贫政策转变。     

ESTIMATING INCOME INEQUALITY IN CHINA USING GROUPED DATA AND THE GENERALIZED BETA DISTRIBUTION

There are two main types of data sources of income distributions in China: household survey data and grouped data. Household survey data are typically available for isolated years and individual provinces. In comparison, aggregate or grouped data are typically available more frequently and usually have national coverage. In principle, grouped data allow investigation of the change of inequality over longer, continuous periods of time, and the identification of patterns of inequality across broader regions. Nevertheless, a major limitation of grouped data is that only mean (average) income and income shares of quintile or decile groups of the population are reported. Directly using grouped data reported in this format is equivalent to assuming that all individuals in a quintile or decile group have the same income. This potentially distorts the estimate of inequality within each region. The aim of this paper is to apply an improved econometric method designed to use grouped data to study income inequality in China. A generalized beta distribution is employed to model income inequality in China at various levels and periods of time. The generalized beta distribution is more general and flexible than the lognormal distribution that has been used in past research, and also relaxes the assumption of a uniform distribution of income within quintile and decile groups of populations. The paper studies the nature and extent of inequality in rural and urban China over the period 1978 to 2002. Income inequality in the whole of China is then modeled using a mixture of province-specific distributions. The estimated results are used to study the trends in national inequality, and to discuss the empirical findings in the light of economic reforms, regional policies, and globalization of the Chinese economy.