要素禀赋、专业化分工、贸易的理论与实证-与杨小凯、张永生商榷

杨小凯和张永生在《经济学(季刊)》第一卷第一期上发表的"新贸易理论、比较利益理论及其经验研究的新成果:文献综述"中声称比较优势说等国际贸易理论的四大命题已经被否定,断言分工才更本质地确定了贸易结构。本文的文献综述发现并非如此,而且,在其他著作中,杨小凯(2001)也认为贸易结构和分工是由各国的技术和要素禀赋的比较利益决定。本文证明分工可能会提高生产效率,但并不改变要素禀赋与技术比较优势决定贸易结构的结论。     

要素禀赋、专业化分工、贸易的理论与实证——与杨小凯、张永生商榷

杨小凯和张永生在《经济学(季刊)》第一卷第一期上发表的“新贸易理论、比较利益理论及其经验研究的新成果：文献综述”中声称比较优势说等国际贸易理论的四大命题已经被否定，断言分工才更本质地确定了贸易结构。本文的文献综述发现并非如此，而且，在其他著作中，杨小凯(2001)也认为贸易结构和分工是由各国的技术和要素禀赋的比较利益决定。本文证明分工可能会提高生产效率，但并不改变要素禀赋与技术比较优势决定贸易结构的结论。摘要杨小凯和张永生在《经济学(季刊)》第一卷第一期上发表的“新贸易理论、比较利益理论及其经验研究的新成果：文献综述”中声称比较优势说等国际贸易理论的四大命题已经被否定，断言分工才更本质地确定了贸易结构。本文的文献综述发现并非如此，而且，在其他著作中，杨小凯(2001)也认为贸易结构和分工是由各国的技术和要素禀赋的比较利益决定。本文证明分工可能会提高生产效率，但并不改变要素禀赋与技术比较优势决定贸易结构的结论。     

国际分工的基础:要素禀赋

以追求最原始的约束因素为目的对一系列国际分工理论进行分析,结论表明,在国界的约束下,无论是古典国际分工理论还是新贸易理论和新兴古典经济学的国际分理论,其理论基础都是假设各国间存在要素禀赋状况差异,要么由要素禀赋结构差异决定,要么由素禀赋总量差异决定。结论:国际分工的基础是要素禀赋状况。     

区域劳动分工的新解释--动态要素禀赋决定论

目前对于区域劳动分工的经济解释主要可分为新古典和新兴古典两条研究路线,分别有其适应性,本文研究发现其实这两条研究路线可纳入到一个统一的模式中,即区域动态要素禀赋决定区域的分工与专业化。     

贸易开放、要素禀赋对我国收入分配影响的实证分析

中国在经济开放下,进出口贸易总量和外商直接投资都有显著的增长,经济高速发展的同时,也使得不同群体的收入不平等.本文利用中国30个省区2002-2011年的面板数据,研究贸易开放度、要素禀赋对个人收入分配的影响.研究表明,对外贸易并不是造成收入不平等拉大的显著原因.在贸易开放条件下,不同要素禀赋对基尼系数产生的联合效应存在明显的差异性.     

比较利益理论再探讨-与杨小凯、张永生先生商榷

李嘉图比较优势理论只是以两种产品两国贸易为实例,给多种产品或多个国家贸易的比较禀赋优势说留下思索空间。反对比较优势学说的人们试图给出反例,并认为比较禀赋优势说已被推翻。本文指出一些所谓的"反例"并不能称其为反例,新贸易理论也并不与比较禀赋优势说相悖,比较优势说仍然有其生命力。     

比较利益理论再探讨-与杨小凯、张永生先生商榷

李嘉图比较优势理论只是以两种产品两国贸易为实例,给多种产品或多个国家贸易的比较禀赋优势说留下思索空间.反对比较优势学说的人们试图给出反例,并认为比较禀赋优势说已被推翻.该文指出一些所谓的反例并不能称其为反例,新贸易理论也并不与比较禀赋优势说相悖,比较优势说仍然有其生命力.     

比较利益理论再探讨——与杨小凯、张永生先生商榷

李嘉图比较优势理论只是以两种产品两国贸易为实例，给多种产品或多个国家贸易的比较禀赋优势说留下思索空间。反对比较优势学说的人们试图给出反例，并认为比较禀赋优势说已被推翻。本指出一些所谓的“反例”并不能称其为反例，新贸易理论也并不与比较禀赋优势说相悖，比较优势说仍然有其生命力。     

分工与贸易利益:理论演进与中国经验

分工起因于人类进行交换的偏好,分工与贸易不可分.通过对经济学文献的梳理发现,伴随着分工的不断深化,贸易利益的内涵也不断拓展.在要素分工模式下,贸易利益体现在:(1)满足人类多样化偏好;(2)资源配置效率提高;(3)企业、产业组织技术效率提高;(4)贸易外部效应,如技术外溢、制度变迁等.贸易利益(3)、(4)尤为重要.     

论国际垂直专业化分工与贸易的最新发展

当前国际贸易的迅猛发展与国际垂直专业化分工密切相关,国际垂直专业化分工的日益发展,体现了经济全球化背景下市场一体化与生产过程分散化的统一.本文对国际垂直专业化分工与贸易的最新研究进行了梳理,对国际垂直专业化分工的内涵、衡量指标以及与国际垂直专业化分工相关的问题进行了分析,最后阐明了中国参与国际垂直专业化分工的战略性利益.     

FACTOR ENDOWMENTS, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, AND THE FUTURE OF APEC TRADE PATTERNS

The heads of state of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) nations have committed member nations to remove all barriers to trade both among themselves and with respect to the rest of the world by 2020. The present paper uses a simple econometric model of bilateral trade flows based on country size, relative factor endowments, and trade barriers of importing as well as exporting countries to estimate the shares by country of origin in imports of each of the 16 major APEC countries and the rest of the world for each of 45 commodity groups comprising world trade in commodities. The estimates reveal that APEC trade would be expanded by 13% with complete liberalization of tariff barriers, by an additional 5% if nontariff barriers are also removed, and by another 4% if the rest of the world would also remove all barriers to trade. Variants on this base scenario show that such trade expansion could be substantially reduced were trade liberalization, capital growth, or both to be reduced in the countries affected by the Asian financial crisis. ( JEL Fl, F17)     

要素禀赋与黄河流域经济空间分异研究

基于广义要素禀赋视角系统研究1990—2006年黄河流域要素禀赋对经济空间分异的影响。结果表明,人力资源禀赋和制度禀赋是影响经济空间分异的两大因素;非自然禀赋对经济空间分异的影响逐步增强,自然禀赋对经济空间分异的影响已较弱;改革开放引起制度禀赋改善、资本和劳动要素集聚,使山东、内蒙古和河南的综合要素禀赋优势逐步增强,这是黄河流域综合要素禀赋空间分异逐步加剧的根源;受综合要素禀赋空间分异态势的支配,黄河流域经济空间分异日趋加剧。     

SPECIALIZATION AND TRADE: A GAME THEORETICAL APPROACH

Abstract.  In this paper we consider the problem of specialization and trade for large economies with a continuum of ex ante identical individuals and with a finite number of goods. Different from the classical treatment, we adopt a game theoretical approach. Therefore in our models the prices of traded goods are endogenously formulated according to the bidding strategies of the producer-consumers. Furthermore, we assume that in the beginning individuals randomly choose their professions. As a result, with a short-run Nash equilibrium different types of professionals may have different utility levels; while through a dynamic process, a long-run Nash equilibrium with utility equalization is reached. Besides, we also attempt to provide a new algorithm for the computation of general equilibrium models in the Yang-Ng framework.     

A MIXED NASH–WALRASIAN EQUILIBRIUM MODEL WITH ENDOGENOUS STEALING AND ENDOGENOUS SPECIALIZATION

Abstract. Using a price vector and a conjecture about a population's activities, this paper suggests that a mixed Nash–Walrasian equilibrium (NWE) occurs if, when every individual maximizes her utility under her conjecture, the trading markets and the theft ‘markets’ are all cleared. Thus, in our model the property rights system, instead of giving protection directly to producers, is aimed mainly at discouraging illegal behaviour. As a result, the equilibrium of the economy is seen to depend not only on self‐protection and/or the legal system itself, but also on the transportation efficiency of the economy.     

STRATEGIC SHIRKING: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF MULTITASKING AND SPECIALIZATION

We provide a new theory to explain why firms multitask workers instead of specializing them. Workers overperform in tasks they like and underperform in tasks they dislike to favorably influence future job assignments. Anticipating this, firms may find it optimal to commit to future multitasking to induce workers to appropriately allocate effort early in the employment relationship. We show that when the product market is volatile, so that future product prices are uncertain, the firm's ability to credibly commit to a multitasking strategy diminishes. This generates a negative relationship between multitasking and product market volatility, consistent with recent empirical evidence.