双重成本约束下的最优企业所有权安排-企业共同治理的经济学分析

对企业治理及其最优所有权安排的探讨必须从企业本质的两重属性及其互动的角度动态地考察。从这个角度看,企业的最优所有权安排受到知识成本和代理成本的双重约束。在双重成本约束下,企业所有权的集中与分散对应的结合是企业发展中最优所有权安排的常态。共同治理是企业长期发展和成长的必然选择。     

双重成本约束下的最优企业所有权安排——企业共同治理的经济学分析

对企业治理及其最优所有权安排的探讨必须从企业本质的两重属性及其到动的角度动态地考察。从这个角度看，企业手最优所有权安排受到知识成本和代理成本的双重约束。在双重成本约束下，企业所有权的集中与分散对应的结合是企业发展中最优所有权安排的常态。共同治理是企业长期发展和成长的必然选择。     

论股份合作制企业的所有权

通过分析股份合作制企业的所有权成本--包括持股职工对企业管理层进行监控而产生的监控成本、持股职工进行集体决策所产生的决策成本以及由经营风险所带来的风险成本,指出了股份合作制作为一种企业产权制度,相比较于传统国有企业和现代股份公司的产权安排形式,具有哪些优势和劣势.要解决股份合作制企业的所有权成本问题,则需依靠企业自身经营方法的改进、市场监督力量的形成和及时有力的政策法规保障.     

公司治理与企业内生风险

一、公司治理与企业内生风险的关系 公司治理是现代企业制度中就如何处理委托代理关系最重要的实现形式。委托人（所有者）和代理人（经理人）之间既需要合作又存在冲突的现实情况,为“没有显著控制权的所有权和没有显著所有权的控制”命题成为公司治理要解决的核心问题寻找到逻辑支撑。传统委托代理关系的分析框架中,委托人作为“强势群体”;而代理人作为“弱势群体”,却拥有“没有显著所有权的控制”,多数学者认为：由于委托人和代理人的利益（效应函数）经常不一致,在委托人看来,代理人做出的决策不是最优的,除非委托人能有效地约束代理人,因此需要在所有者和经营者之间形成一种制衡机制,协调彼此的责、权、利关系。基于这种认识,委托代理理论主要从解决信息不对称、搭便车和信号显示等方面解释了代理成本的节省和分担问题,从而从理论上为委托代理关系投资进行了成本收益分析。     

所有权共享安排失灵的解释

企业理论关于现代公司所有权安排的一个命题是，剩余索取权和剩余控制权对应。由委托人和代理人共享企业所有权，是实现企业价值最大化和代理成本最小化的最优所有权安排。本文分析了所有权共享安排的两个缺陷：一是所有权共享安排命题的隐含假设不一定成立；二是忽视了现代公司的产权博弈契约性质和公共领域属性及其导致的共同财产问题，解释了所有权共享安排失灵的原因，强调了外部权威对签约后的机会主义者履约的重要性。     

所有权共享安排失灵的解释

企业理论关于现代公司所有权安排的一个命题是，剩余索取权和剩余控制权对应，由委托人和代理人共享企业所有权，是实现企业价值最大化和代理成本最小化的最优所有权安排。本文分析了所有权共享安排的两个缺陷：一是所有权共享安排命题的隐含假设不一定成立；二是忽视了现代公司的产权博弈契约性质和公共领域属性及其导致的共同财产问题，解释了所有权共享安排失灵的原因，强调了外部权威对签约后的机会主义者履约的重要性。     

市场、技术、资本结构与企业所有权安排

本从要素所有视角分析企业的契约性质,并从中提炼出企业理论所要解决的经营选择和激励问题。这一问题的有效解决可借助于企业资本结构（即债权融资或股权融资的比例）的优化调整实现企业所有权（剩余索取权和控制权的分配）的最优安排。但资本结构的优化又受到各个企业所面临的不同市场条件和技术条件的约束。由此得出的结论是,不同的企业应该依据其市场与技术条件导出其最优的融资条件和方式,以实现企业所有权的最优安排和企业绩效的最大化。     

经理阶层"败德"行为的机理分析

一、公司治理结构 现代企业的根本特征就是在产权结构上实现了所有权和控制权的分离,随之出现了委托--代理关系.当代理人(经理、董事会)追求自己的利益时,可能会造成对委托人利益的损害,这就是所谓委托代理问题的产生.为此,委托人必须设立一套有效的制衡机制来规范和约束代理人的行为,减少代理人问题,降低代理成本,提高经营效率.企业治理结构就是在这样的条件下产生的一套制度安排.     

新经济时代下企业的所有权安排

一、企业所有权安排的理论基础企业所有权安排是指企业所有权在不同产权主体之间的分配。在现代企业理论中,所有权的意义就在于剩余索取权和剩余控制权。从谁拥有企业所有权的角度看,企业所有权安排的理论基础有如下三种不同的理论。1.资本雇佣劳动。有些学者认为由物质资本所有者拥有企业所有权是最有效率的,由此形成“资本雇佣劳动”的企业治理模式。按照这种理论,企业是股东的,其目标是追求股东利益最大化。2.劳动雇佣资本。随着专业性人力资源的稀缺性增大,有学者认为,由劳动者拥有企业所有权是有效率的,由此形成“劳动雇佣资本”的企业…     

企业的契约性质、所有权理论及公司治理结构述评

公司治理结构是一个企业所有权安排的契约,而企业所有权的制度设置是由企业的本质决定的,对企业本质的不同认识必然导致不同性质的公司治理结构.本文通过文献综述,旨在勾勒出企业的契约性质--企业所有权理论--公司治理结构三者的演进脉络和之间的对应关系,发现企业家人力资本产权与企业所有权之间的复杂联系是未来公司治理问题研究的焦点.     

企业的性质:要素使用权交易合约之履行过程

本文对企业的性质进行了分析 ,发现企业的性质在于 ,企业是市场中由要素所有者签订的一组不完备的要素使用权交易合约的履行过程。要素使用权交易合约的履行过程包括要素投入、要素使用权 (核心是剩余控制权 )的行使以及要素增值的分配 (核心是剩余索取权的行使 )以及企业组织资本与组织资产的创造和使用等 ,这一过程融交易功能与生产功能于一体。该组合约的关键内容就在于企业剩余索取权与剩余控制权的安排。作为要素使用权交易合约的履行过程 ,企业与市场是不能截然对立分离的 ,即要素市场、资产及服务市场等与要素使用权交易合约的签订与履行是互为基础 ,互相促进的。     

Recursive contracts,firm longevity,and rat races: An experimental analysis

This paper reports the results from a laboratory experiment which investigates the structure of contracts that emerge in overlapping-generation firms where future ownership is a perquisite of employment. Workers in the young generation are offered employment contracts designed by the firms' owners who belong to the old generation. When old, employed workers are granted ownership rights as long as the firm continues to operate. In line with theoretical predictions, the results indicate that as firm longevity increases, the recursive nature of the contracts leads to a rat race characterized by low wages, high effort levels, and rent dissipation. These results have important implications for the optimal management of long-lived firms such as partnerships.     

Contracts payments for ecosystem services: the case of bio-pospecting

We examine the economics of royalties in bioprospecting contracts between a pharmaceutical and genetic resource supplier (local), with an eye to understanding the relative advantages of indexing royalty payments to gross revenue or net revenue. We show a risk-averse firm facing only production or only cost risks will index royalties to net revenue. When facing both types of risk, the choice of royalty type depends on the relative magnitudes of the production and cost risk. In each case, the risk-averse firm chooses the royalty type that shifts as much risk as possible to the local. When the local is risk neutral, the pharmaceutical's and local's preferences are compatible. If the local is risk averse and there is only one type of risk, it will prefer a gross revenue royalty, and shift as much risk as possible to the firm: here the local and firm preferences are compatible only if the firm is risk-neutral, Lastly, we show if the firm sets the terms of the contract, and both agents are risk averse, the firm will not likely volunteer to implement the socially optimal royalty arrangement as it prefers to shift as much risk to the local, who now also prefers a more certain return. This last outcome is at the heart of the benefit sharing discussion and suggests if risk sharing and equity are a concern in benefit sharing, then the choice of royalty type can be an important part of negotiations between pharmaceuticals and locals for the phytochemical from nature for new drug discovery.     

Monitoring cost,disutility of effort and the forcing employment contract

If the state of nature is not observable, ex post, but work effort is, contracts between the risk neutral firm and the risk averse workers will stipulate the level of effort which will be monitored to ensure its delivery. In this paper it will be shown that when effort is stipulated and monitored, workers will be paid solely by a fixed wage payment independent of output. The size of the wage payment will depend on the level of effort stipulated, the marginal rate of substitution of effort for income and the cost of monitoring, provided that the cost is not prohibitively high.     

商品契约优于要素契约——以农业产业化经营中的契约选择为例

本文以农业产业化经营中的商品契约为例 ,说明商品契约完全有可能在长期内稳定 ,以至于足以保证龙头企业长期支配农户的土地和劳动力要素 ,从而达到与要素契约相同的效果。商品契约的稳定性主要是通过专用性投资和市场在确保履约方面的作用来实现的。这一结论在一定程度上证伪了科斯和张五常的一些看法。他们认为 ,企业和市场的区别就是要素契约和商品契约的区别。基于农业生产过程中的特殊性 ,单纯的要素契约很难在现阶段的农业生产过程中发挥作用 ,本文的结论不仅为农业产业化经营中的契约选择提供思路 ,也对中国农业发展的路径作了探讨。     

企业与市场:相关关系及其性质——一个基于回归古典的解析框架

通过对科斯替代逻辑的反思 ,重新考察了企业与市场的相关关系。认为交易费用的提出虽然打开了新古典企业的“黑箱” ,但是由此来解释企业的性质 ,其结论与现实相悖。本文提出了一个趋于古典的分析框架 ,发现企业与市场是分别建立在两种不同但有紧密相关性的分工基础上的 ,因而 ,它们各自的性质及其相互关系源于一般分工与个别分工各自的性质及其相关关系———企业是要素所有者为分享“合作剩余”而达成的合约 ,而市场则是商品所有者交换比较优势的制度安排。两者互补而不相互替代。这一结论较好地解释了实体经济中不论是企业规模 ,还是企业数量都在不断扩张 ,同时市场范围随之不断扩展 ,两方面相互促进、正相关推进发展的现实。     

The effects of abandonment options on operating leverage and forward hedging

This paper examines the behavior of the competitive firm under output price uncertainty when the firm is endowed with an abandonment option and has access to a forward market for its output. When the realized output price is less than its marginal cost, the firm optimally exercises its abandonment option and ceases production. The firm lets its abandonment option extinguish, thereby producing up to its capacity, only when the realized output price exceeds its marginal cost. The ex post exercising of the abandonment option as such convexifies the firm's ex ante profit with respect to the random output price. We show that neither the separation theorem nor the full-hedging theorem holds in the presence of the abandonment option. The firm under-hedges its output price risk exposure in the forward market wherein the forward price contains a nonpositive risk premium. When the set of hedging instruments is expanded to include options, we show that both the separation and full-hedging theorems are restored. We further show that the firm prefers options to forwards for hedging purposes when both types of contracts are fairly priced.     

EFFECTS OF ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION WITHIN A FIRM ON OLIGOPOLISTIC MARKET OUTCOMES

I analyze the implications of the Laffont–Tirole type agency problems on oligopolistic market outcomes. In the model, a firm's marginal cost is decreasing in managerial effort and is subject to an additive shock. Both managerial effort and the realization of the shock are a manager's private information. A firm first offers a menu of contract to its manager, and then competes in the product market. As in the model of single principal and single agent, the incentive contracts implement efforts that are distorted downward relative to full information. In this model, with multiple agency relationships, an additional source for upward distortion of effort emerges as a result of the interaction in the product market. The results are robust to whether firms compete in price or quantity.     

Endogenous Choice of Strategic Contracts in a Mixed Duopoly with Bargaining Over Managerial Delegation Contracts

We revisit the endogenous choice problem of strategic contracts for the public firm and the private firm in a managerial mixed duopoly with differentiated goods. We consider the situation wherein the managerial delegation contracts are determined by maximising social welfare within the public firm, which is equal to the objective function of its owner, and through bargaining over the content of managerial delegation contracts between the owner and manager within the private firm. We show that, in equilibrium, when the manager of the private firm has high bargaining power relative to that of the owner, the public firm chooses a price contract, while the private firm chooses a quantity contract. However, there is no equilibrium market structure under the pure strategic contract class when the manager has sufficiently low bargaining power relative to that of the owner.     

FUND SUBSTITUTION AND THE INCENTIVE EFFECT OF PUBLIC INVESTMENT SUBSIDIES

This paper analyses the observed phenomenon of public for private fund substitution in industrial assistance, by examining the public and private sector funding of investment under different assumptions about the nature of the private capital market. This bears on the effectiveness of industrial subsidies, and has implications for welfare and the design of optimal assistance contracts. It is shown that fund substitution depends crucially on the elasticity of investment with respect to the user cost of capital in the without-subsidy position, and on the nature of any amount and rate constraints on the assistance contract.