中国土地供给制度演进轨迹:文献综述及其引申

中国土地供给制度以公有制为基础,其实际操作表现为政府管制和市场配置相结合。在城镇化进程与经济发展伴随土地制度变迁的背景下,以土地供给制度的演进轨迹为主线,呈现学术界对土地供给制度认识的差异性,并梳理政策脉络和基本法律框架,给出或然走向,藉此厘清土地供给的制度现状,揭示现阶段土地供给制度研究的共性、分歧及其改革难点。继而就种种表征进行评述,并简要提出对策建议。     

农村土地流转市场化建设国内外经验比较研究

农村土地流转市场化建设,是农村经济社会发展的客观要求,是调整农业结构、发展现代农业和转移农村劳动力的必然选择。不同国家、不同地区在农村土地流转市场化建设的成功经验,如土地产权制度的变革、土地市场的培育、土地经营形式的探索、农业政策的调整、政府作用的发挥、农村劳动力的转移、社会化服务的完善和农村社会保障制度的建立等,对于土地流转市场还不完善的省区建立起适合本省区实际情况的土地流转市场具有重要的借鉴意义。     

The Land Reform Policy Group in Scotland

In Scotland, the land question comprises issues associated with the legal context, ownership, use and management of the resource. The context within which the land question has been addressed has changed quite dramatically over the past decade, as a consequence of the Scottish Parliament and the policy impetus associated with sustainable development. These have combined to focus attention on the relationship between economic change and environmental quality and on the appropriateness of management regimes to secure a feasible balance of interests. In 1997, the (then) Scottish Office established a Land Reform Policy Group to identify and assess proposals for land reform in rural Scotland. Its main aim was to provide the Scottish Parliament with an agenda for action on land reform. The Land Reform Policy Group has stated that land reform legislation should set out clearly the objectives of land use and land reform;the basis for public sector involvement in land matters; and bring together a comprehensive range of measures for removing barriers and promoting positive action. This paper examines the emergence of the Policy Group as an institutional sponsor in effecting an agenda for land reform in Scotland.     

基于现代农业的中国农村土地制度改革研究

土地制度变革是现代农业发展的首要条件。一个能够有效促进现代农业发展的农地制度应具有公正分配、产权清晰、交易自由、政策激励及建立相应的生产经营组织制度等基本特征。以此审视当代中国农地制度,在诸多方面存在严重缺陷及不足。因此,要促进中国现代农业的健康发展,必须以相应的土地制度变革为基础。在产权制度方面,应建立农民所有制;在市场制度方面,应祛除行政对土地市场的控制和垄断;在政策激励方面,应采取一系列有利于土地集中的激励措施;在经营组织方面,应鼓励和扶持以土地权利连结的农民自组织发展。     

Land distribution and inequality in a black settler colony: the case of Sierra Leone, 1792–1831†

Land distribution is considered to be one of the main contributors to inequality in pre‐industrial societies. This article contributes to the debate on the origins of economic inequality in pre‐industrial African societies by studying land inequality at a particularly early stage of African economic history. The research examines land distribution and inequality in land ownership among settlers in the Colony of Sierra Leone for three benchmark years over the first 40 years of its existence. The findings show that land inequality was low at the founding of the Colony but increased substantially over time. We suggest that this increase was enabled by a shift in the type of egalitarianism pursued by the colonial authorities, which was reflected in a change in the redistributive policy applied, which allowed later settlers to appropriate land more freely than had been previously possible.     

Traditions,Land Rights,and Local Welfare Creation: Studies from Eastern Indonesia

This research focuses on the impacts of traditional systems of land distribution among households, clans, and the government in two of Indonesia’s poorest provinces: East Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Our main goal is to discuss and propose alternative ways of dividing and governing productive land to meet new needs in the management of agriculture and forestry. We apply a mixed research methodology that includes in-depth discussions with more than 50 key informants and survey interviews with 640 randomly selected respondents. We find that the number of land conflicts is rising, that land privatisation is becoming increasingly relevant, and that communal land ownership tends to lead to land under-utilisation rather than to natural resource overuse and environmental degradation. We argue that economic gains can be made by changing land-use patterns and land user rights. Our policy recommendations include introducing formalised and taxable clan land ownership with specified and registered family user rights.     

旅游驱动的功能转变性宅基地流转增值的构成机理与收益分配建议

功能转变性宅基地流转对盘活集体建设用地、促进乡村振兴具有重大意义。本文先分析功能转变性宅基地流转的增值来源,包括资本投入性增值、外部辐射性增值和政策制度性增值;再结合宅基地制度改革现状和功能转变性宅基地流转的特点对上述三项宅基地增值的构成机理进行梳理。基于此,从完善宅基地使用权流转监管体系、科学测算宅基地流转增值收益、建立共享型增值收益分配机制、灵活采用多种增值收益分配方式四个方面提出有利于合理分配功能转变性宅基地流转增值收益的政策建议。     

Conditions of Successful Land Reform: A Study of Micronesia

During the twentieth century Japan and the United States attempted land reform in Micronesia. Japan was more successful because a growing population had led to an increasing demand for agricultural products, which could only be met by expanding agriculture across its empire. This required investment in land reform to transfer ownership from common to private rights. Conversely, the Americans faced no such domestic pressures, valuing Micronesia only for its strategic location and military testing. We formulate a model to examine the outcomes of Micronesian land reform under the long‐sighted policy of the Japanese compared with short‐sighted approach of the Americans.     

对农村集体土地制度的几点思考——以成都统筹城乡综合配套改革为例

随着经济的不断发展,多种所有制形式的经济实体不断壮大,特别是二、三产业的发展,对建设用地的需求量越来越大,城乡结合部地区一些集体非农建设用地自发地、无序地流转形成了一定的隐形市场。集体非农建设用地的流转对发展区域经济、提高人民生活水平发挥了重要的作用,但也导致了土地利用混乱、土地产权关系不明晰、建设用地供应总量难以控制、土地市场秩序遭到破坏等不少问题。本文以成都统筹城乡综合配套改革为研究背景和范例,浅析了农村集体土地用地流转的制度设计、存在问题和解决措施。     

Gendered Realities: Exploring Property Ownership and Tenancy Relationships in Urban India

Gender is emerging as a central analytical construct in exploring landed property ownership and tenancy relationships in India. This article explores the nature of land tenure and landed property rights in slums in India from a gender perspective. The author raises key issues that need consideration in developing a gendered vision of urban land rights, tenure, and reform by documenting some of the central findings of her field research conducted in slums in Ahmedabad, India, in collaboration with the Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA). In each case, the author also draws out policy recommendations for redressing discrepancies in women’s ownership of urban land and housing.     

城镇化发展模式：台湾经验及其对大陆的启示

台湾城镇化过程中,在农业发展、农地改革、农村劳动力转移、城镇化政策上投入上较有成效,使得城镇化发展较好。可以借鉴台湾地区城镇化实践中的有益经验,推进城镇化的发展。     

新台币汇率制度调整历史及其对广东的启示

改革开放初期,广东通过利用劳动力比较优势,大力发展加工贸易出口,成功实现经济起飞后,近年来广东面临人民币汇率制度改革的挑战和产业结构升级转型的问题。广东省经济发展的道路与我国台湾省类似,台湾成功实现经济升级转型的经验值得广东借鉴。本文回顾新台币汇率制度调整的历史。新台币汇率制度的调整大致可分为三个阶段,在每个阶段台湾当局均推出有针对性的经济政策与汇率制度调整相搭配,实现经济发展和结构升级转型的目标。台湾省应对汇率制度调整,推动产业升级转型的经验值得广东借鉴。正确认清广东所处的产业发展阶段和未来发展路径,并从加强人力资源培训、加强基础设施建设、运用产业政策引导方面推动产业结构升级转型,广东可将货币升值的压力转化为经济发展的动力。     

闽台农业互动发展的思考

闽台农业交流合作始于上世纪80年代,随着大陆改革开放的深入,闽台农业交流合作持续拓展。进入新世纪以来,推进闽台农业互动发展,对促进两岸共同繁荣具有重要的指导意义。本文着重从台湾经贸、农业发展入手,分析闽台农业合作发展情况,提出加强闽台农业互动合作发展的策略。     

Promoting Private Entrepreneurship for Deepening Market Reform in China: A Resource Allocation Perspective

After more than three decades of rapid growth, China's economy is going through an important turning point, where structural imbalances in both supply and demand sides must be addressed for a more moderate and sustainable growth path. By focusing on the structural changes to its ownership, a central element in China's economic transformation under market reform, the present paper highlights the importance of private entrepreneurship in deepening market reform and, thereby, in driving economic growth in a more efficient and sustainable way. Based on a perspective of resource allocation and a conceptual framework of entrepreneurship, the paper elaborates on the evolution of the private sector and its performance in the context of ownership reform, making comparisons with the performance of the state sector. The analysis suggests that there is further room for more productive use of economic resources, especially capital, land and natural resources, by increasing the participation of private entrepreneurs in industries with high entry barriers in favor of state‐owned enterprises. Moreover, more competitive and equal access to productive resources through reform is needed to promote more productive entrepreneurship and to reduce rent‐seeking activities.     

Selected Land Reforms in East and Southeast Asia: Their Origins and Impacts

Agrarian reforms in the four case study countries examined here came about by outside influence (Korea and Taiwan), revolutionary uprising (People's Republic of China), and legislation (Philippines). In the last case, the reforms remain very incomplete. In Taiwan and South Korea, reforms initially promoted a more equitable distribution of resources and income. This widened the domestic market, lessened underemployment and joblessness in both agriculture and industry, increased profitability in manufacturing, and established more equitable development patterns. In these economies, a national market has preceded (or accompanied) development of world markets. Land reform is not a once-and-for-all phenomenon. Resources and incomes can concentrate again in the absence of proper government policies. There is no necessary correlation between land reform, economic improvement, and democratic forms of government.     

“万顷良田建设工程”中的土地权属调整研究

"万顷良田建设工程"是江苏省为促进城乡统筹和社会主义新农村建设而提出的一项政策创新。土地权属调整是这项政策顺利实施的关键。本文首先对土地权属调整的内容、原则、程序进行分析,接着针对土地权属调整过程中可能遇到的问题提出相应政策建议,为土地权属调整顺利实施提供一定参考。     

征税能抑制企业涉房投资吗——兼论“脱实向虚”的另一条路径

近年来企业过度持有不动产的涉房投资倾向引发广泛关注，也背离了"脱虚向实"的政策导向。文章基于土地增值二次分配理论，利用2007-2019年我国沪、深两市上市公司微观数据考察了持有环节和转出环节税收对企业涉房投资行为的影响。实证结果显示：因为税基不能随房地产市场价值灵活升高，造成持有环节的房土两税表现出一定的累退性特征，从而无法有效抑制企业涉房投资；相比而言，转出环节的土地增值税能够显著抑制企业涉房投资倾向。进一步基于省级宏观面板数据的非对称反应模型估计结果显示，当前各地区土地增值税的征管力度受到地方政府的刻意操控，出现了相邻省份之间的标杆竞争现象，特别是省份间的竞低效应尤其突出，这对有效发挥土地增值税的作用产生了不利影响。文章的研究对未来进一步完善税制改革和引导企业投资"脱虚向实"具有一定的参考意义。     

台商投资大陆区位选择、产业布局与政策实施机制实证研究

台商对大陆投资的区位选择中,政府政策、产业结构、生产效率、基础设施和开放水平等发挥了很大作用,而各个因素是随着中国经济结构的变化而变化的。文章利用1991年至2011年台商投资大陆各省份（地区）区位选择的面板数据,验证和说明了产业结构、生产效率和政府政策等关键因素的影响。在此基础上,进一步分析了地区吸引台资的影响因素、产业布局和政府实施机制的内在联系。     

关于分配与所有制关系若干问题的思考

共同富裕,消除两极分化是社会主义改革区别于资本主义改革的试金石,也是邓小平的社会主义改革理论中的一个根本问题。正确评估中国贫富差距扩大的形势,促进分配关系的调整和社会公平是经济研究者的职责所在。贫富差距扩大最根本原因在所有制结构的变化,即所有制结构的"公降私升"已经达到影响公有制为主体的临界点,造成这种状况是干扰"公有制经济为主体"的"私有化"倾向。本文认为毫不动摇地发展包括私有经济在内的非公有经济,要以坚持公有制经济为主体、国有经济为主导作为前提,即实行两个毫不动摇,齐头并进,才能保证我国社会主义基本经济制度的巩固发展,永远立于不败之地。     

Ronald Finlay,Rolf G. Henriksson,Hkan Lindgren & Mats Lundahl (eds), Eli Heckscher,International Trade and Economic History

Abstract

The great world economic and globalisation boom of the pre-First World War era was accompanied by great inequality in the distribution of income and wealth particularly during industrialisation, with the new world European settler economies being no exception. Canadian wealth inequality over the period 1870–1930 was also substantial and is examined using probated estates from the Eastern Judicial District of the province of Manitoba and Wentworth County, Ontario. However, wealth inequality is found to be less pronounced in frontier Manitoba relative to Ontario with higher and more dispersed rates of land ownership in the West as well as lower wealth levels and greater farm employment, as the key factors in this difference. This suggests that the farm economy of pre-First World War Canada was associated with greater equality of wealth. One of the inevitable effects of Canadian industrialisation and economic development was a rise in wealth inequality but the process of western settlement and associated free grants helped mitigate it. By extension, global economic inequality might also have been mitigated during this period by the presence of agricultural frontiers with subsidised land grants.