The patent system and the third world

Developing countries have been on the periphery of the patent system. Although 85 developing countries have patent laws, most of the larger countries are not members of the Paris Convention though their national laws tend to follow the main principles of that convention. The article indicates that in regard to many aspects of patent law, e.g., patentability, duration, fees, etc., there is considerable scope for improving patent legislation. Initiatives at the international level, culminating in the recent resolution of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's Intergovernmental Group on Transfer of Technology, have established directions for a future revision of the system.     

The computer industry in the third world: Policy options and constraints

The paper examines the conditions for the development of an indigenous computer industry in Third World countries. It argues that, within the existing international division of labor in the industry, the opportunities for local computer production are limited for most developing countries. Increasing levels of automation are likely to result in diminished competitiveness for any but the largest manufacturers. Only countries with large internal markets can expect to sustain an integrated computer manufacturing base. For most countries, a niche-oriented approach concentrating on the development of software and the configuration of systems for local and possibly regional vertical markets is apt to be the most viable entry strategy. Selective backward integration into hardware manufacture may be possible, but the types of equipment manufactured locally must be carefully selected with a view not only to the potential domestic market, but also to the suitability of the existing infrastructure and supplier networks to support cost-effective manufacture. For the establishment of an industry which is at least semi-autonomous technologically, policymakers need to take measures to strengthen the R&D infrastructure, to upgrade scientific and technical education, and to induce those nationals working for computer multinationals, whether at home or abroad, to start up their own local computer ventures. Skilled and experienced computer specialists as well as a computer literate population are perhaps the two most valuable assets for the development of an indigenous computer industry.     

The world economic crisis and the children: A United States case study

This is a review of the United States experience with issues of child health and services, as they relate to changes in economic trends. No existing data systems are entirely adequate for reporting on the current health status of children, an important consideration for the monitoring of children's health in the United States is the focus on subgroups such as those who are disadvantaged for reasons of poverty, discrimination or geographic isolation. Ample evidence exists that children living in poverty suffer adverse health consequences and that the proportion of children living in poverty in the United States has increased steadily since 1975 and dramatically since 1981. Most measures of health status and health risks for children show steady improvements througout the 1970s. The exercise of public responsibility for financing and providing essential services and supports held constant or improved during this recession period, especially during the recession of 1974–1975. The health status and risks for children since 1981 appear to be adversely affected which must be attributed to a combination of circumstances that include serious recession, increased poverty rates for households with children and diminished health benefits and social support services. These findings suggest that when either local or widespread economic reversals are anticipated, health services and social supports for children need to be expanded rather than contracted.     

Measuring third world security expenditure: A research note

There is growing evidence that important amounts of security expenditure may not enter the budgets or the national accounts of many developing countries. This article outlines five of the most common mechanisms used by governments to obscure their security-related outlays: double bookkeeping, use of extra-budgetary accounts, highly aggregated budget categories, military assistance and governmental manipulation of foreign exchange. Delineating those countries which have used these — or other — mechanisms is difficult but some examples do exist and are used here to illustrate how countries have hidden security-related expenditure from public scrutiny.     

The third world and the CMEA Group in the world economy of raw and basic materials

This article traces the evolution of international trade flows in raw and basic materials in order to draw some conclusions about such issues as comparative advantage, dependence and interdependence, self-sufficiency, etc. It looks particularly at the relationships among various categories of developing countries and the CMEA countries. The first part of the discussion concludes that any argument that developing countries may be increasing their bargaining power in commodity markets is illusory. The author argues that the oversupply of raw materials in the world market and the consequent depressed prices will continue indefinitely. He concludes with some consideration of the future options for CMEA raw materials export policy in light of the broader prospects and policies of the OECD and developing country groups.     

The international financial crisis and problems of Russian Economic Development

This paper analyzes the development factors of the Russian economy and causes of the financial crisis, as well as anti-crisis policy objectives and methods.     

Poverty in the third world: Ugly facts and fancy models

It is argued that the evidence from Asia indicates that despite the rise in average incomes the incidence of rural poverty has shown little tendency to diminish and in many cases the standard of living of some groups and classes, notably the landless, actually has declined. It then is suggested that the reasons for this have less to do with aggregate or sectoral rates of growth than with the interaction between the structure of the economy and four dynamic processes. Finally, the limitations of conventional theories and models are indicated and an alternative framework of analysis is proposed.     

世界第三大集装箱港口--中国台湾高雄港

高雄港位于中国台湾岛西南沿海的高雄市,隔台湾海峡与大陆福建省相望,扼台湾海峡与巴士海峡航运要道,为我国南北航线和环太平洋航运要冲,航运地理位置十分重要。多年来,高雄港承担着中国台湾省进出口货物的一半以上,运量逐年大幅成长,为吞吐量超亿吨的世界大港之一,其中集装箱运量已连续多年高居世界第三。1999年高雄港货物吞吐量总计为110,722,237吨,其中进口为84,442,062吨,出口     

Pharmaceuticals in the third world: The problem from the suppliers' point of view

The situation of pharmaceuticals in the developing world is considered from a supplier's point of view and industry's declared supportive role to WHO's Action Programme for Essential Drugs is discussed. The possible conflicting goals of developing countries' desire to have drugs available at the lowest possible price and their desire for industrialization and self-sufficiency is examined. Comments are made about the industry's pre-eminent role in research and development and its continuing commitment to R and D for tropical diseases. The importance of patents and brand-names is considered and the significance of the IFPMA Code of Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices is described.     

Determinants of migration in a large third world city

The author examines determinants of migration to Karachi, Pakistan, using data from a 1987-1988 socioeconomic survey of 6,275 households in the city. Aspects considered include population at area of origin, income levels, employment conditions, age, and education.     

第三种路径上市

从A股的历史经验看，新股发行和其他扩容从来就是市场的重大利空，对于迫切需要融资的企业来说，开辟一条新的融资渠道，可有效降低融资成本，满足公司生产经营和项目所需的流动资金的需要     

Development planning in the third world education in Botswana: A case study

Development planning is regarded as essential for advancement in the Third World. This article discusses planning in Botswana, specifically in the area of education. The economic and educational developments in Botswana are described.

The process of development planning is discussed under a number of headings, namely the administration of development planning Botswana; drawing up a development plan; and implementing the plan.

The hypothesis that planning, to some extent, arises from compromises that in turn result from conflicts among the planners, is discussed. Examples are given to illustrate this. The article argues that conflicts will increase as financial constraints become more important in Botswana.     

The changing geography of world trade: Projections to 2030

Rapid economic growth in Asia (and some other emerging economies) has been shifting the global economic and industrial centres of gravity away from the north Atlantic, raising the importance of Asia in world trade, and boosting South–South trade. This paper examines how trade patterns are likely to change in the course of continuing economic growth and structural changes in Asia and the rest of the world over the next two decades. It does so by projecting a core baseline for the world economy from 2004 to 2030 and comparing it with alternative scenarios, including slower economic growth rates in the ‘North’, slower productivity growth in primary sectors, and prospective trade policy reforms in Developing Asia, without and with policy reforms also in the ‘North’ and in South–South trade. Projected impacts on international trade patterns, sectoral shares of GDP, ‘openness’ to trade, and potential welfare gains from reforms are highlighted, in addition to effects on bilateral trade patterns as summarized by intra- and extra-regional trade intensity and propensity indexes. The paper concludes with implications for regional and multilateral trade policy.     

危机后的亚洲新兴企业债券市场--现状、问题及对策

亚洲新兴企业债券市场的发展具有其独特的历史背景和现实要求，本文分析了危机后亚洲新兴企业债券市场的现状，深入探讨了其中的问题所在，并提出了相应的政策建议。这些政策建议对于有着相似背景的我国企业债券市场，同样是适用的。     

Double deprivation: Public and private drug distribution from the perspective of the third world poor

Millions of the world's poor have no access to life-saving drugs. Neither the public nor private drug distribution system caters for their needs. The Third World poor suffer from the unequal distribution of limited public health resources and dangerous sales pressures in the rapidly expanding and largely uncontrolled commercial markets. They lack purchasing power to influence the dynamics of the market which is characterized by a high turnover in profitable, but inessential products and expensive brand-name drugs. Comprehensive national drug policies to rationalize both public and private sectors and improve the availability of essential drugs are urgently needed.