在比较优势基础上培育竞争优势--中国贸易发展战略的理性基础与战略选择

传统的比较利益理论由于自身存在的缺陷.其静态性容易使发展中国家陷入“比较利益陷阱”。我国的对外贸易按比较优势经过20年的迅速扩张,“比较利益陷阱”已经摆在面前。战略调整势在必行。我国的贸易战略应该实现从比较优势向竞争优势的循序过渡,按比较优势选择和扶植有竞争力的产业,在比较优势的基础上培育竞争优势。     

论中国对外直接投资的产业选择

产业选择是对外直接投资的一个基本课题。进行产业选择不仅有利于重塑国际分工格局，而且有利于促进产业结构的调整和升级。通过对中国对外直接投资产业选择的现状分析，结合我国社会经济发展的需要及我国产业国际竞争力的现实条件，本文认为，中国在对外直接投资中可以重点支持资源开发业、劳动密集型和成熟适用技术产业、服务业和高科技产业的境外投资。     

区域开放与区域利益实现的经济学分析

用比较优势理论来解释区域分工给各区域带来的利益增进，是区域开放的主流理论，但若考虑到市场需求因素和国内价格扭曲现象的存在，分工利益对不同区域而言就有可能意味着利益的损失。本文分别对比较优势原则、市场需求和价格扭曲引起的分工利益分配进行论证，得出落后地区在分工中所获分工利益较少甚至会造成经济利益损失的结论，并以此为依据，分析了不同区域在实施区域开放政策时的不同倾向，指出落后地区若要改变自己在分工中的不利地位，就要注意培养内生比较优势及创建自身的竞争优势。     

基于出口贸易视角的中国产业国际竞争力的提升

本文从中国出口贸易的视角评判中国产业的国际竞争力，分析中国产业国际竞争力提升的主要障碍，从而得出了提升中国产业国际竞争力的根本性路径选择——参与国际标准的制定，争取在若干个优势产业领域中能够主宰或影响国际标准，形成与发达国家竞争的某种格局。     

服务业开放与竞争力的国际比较研究

对中国与主要发达国家以及发展中国家的服务业开放水平进行比较分析,从国内国际两个角度来分析服务业开放与产业竞争力的联系,对提高中国服务业竞争力和市场占有率提出可以借鉴的建议。     

WTO框架下中国农业竞争优势的提升

本文从中国主要农产品的国际竞争力分析出发,在回顾和分析比较优势及竞争优势理论的基础上,为增强中国农业竞争力提出了一个新思路:中国在农业产业选择与农产品定位方面应积极培育竞争优势.并进一步探讨了发挥中国农业比较优势、培育竞争优势、提高国际竞争力的对策.     

提升农业国际竞争力需要加强教育

目前,我国的农业有了很大的发展,但是,农业的国际竞争力却没有提高到应有的高度,如何在外生比较优势一定的情况下,充分发挥内生比较优势,提高我国的农业国际竞争力已成为迫在眉睫的大事。文章通过分析,认为提升农业际竞争力需要加强教育。     

WTO框架下中国农业竞争优势的提升

本文从中国主要农产品的国际竞争力分析出发,在回顾和分析比较优势及竞争优势理论的基础上,为增强中国农业竞争力提出了一个新思路:中国在农业产业选择与农产品定位方面应积极培育竞争优势。并进一步探讨了发挥中国农业比较优势、培育竞争优势、提高国际竞争力的对策。     

提升农业国际竞争力需要加强教育

目前,我国的农业有了很大的发展,但是,农业的国际竞争力却没有提高到应有的高度,如何在外生比较优势一定的情况下,充分发挥内生比较优势,提高我国的农业国际竞争力已成为迫在眉睫的大事.文章通过分析,认为提升农业际竞争力需要加强教育.     

中国产品国际竞争力之分析

文章根据产业国际竞争力理论,通过大量的统计数据,采用比较优势定量分析方法,从中国出口产品“类”、“章”两个角度进行实证分析,认为:(1)从“类”层次上看,中国工业制成品的贸易竞争力指数总体处于强的状况,尤其是纺织品处于竞争力很强的状况,但从“章”层次上看,中国纺织品等产业并不都是处于强势竞争力状况;(2)尽管中国主要出口产品的整体显示性比较优势状况处于一般状态,但却是朝着较强比较优势方向上升。文章认为在分析中国产品国际竞争力时还应考虑在华外资因素。     

The comparative political economy of the location of industry

This paper studies location decisions of firms in an economic geography model with endogenous regional policy. Policy is determined by probabilistic voting under proportional and majoritarian elections. Different electoral competition give rise to different location incentives. Under plausible assumptions, the smaller region has a higher fraction of ideologically independent swing voters than the larger region. Majoritarian voting, by focusing electoral competition into swing districts containing the most policy‐responsive voters, therefore allocates more subsidies to firms in the smaller region. Compared to proportional voting, this leads to more firms in the region with fewer consumers. Proportional voting thus welfare‐dominates majoritarian election.     

Government and industry performance: a comparative study

A number of UK industries are heavily dependent on the government as a major purchaser. The Ministry of Defence and the National Health Service are essentially monopsonists for the industries supplying them. As a monopsonist, government can influence the size, structure, conduct and performance of the industries. This paper examines wheather industries relying heavily on government purchases will differ in their structure, conduct and performance-characteristics and whether dependence on goverment can have favourable or adverse effects on industry performance. The hypothesis is tested by comparing the performance of industries dependent on government purchasing – defence, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment – with a control group of other non-dependent industries.     

A comparative study on the structure of the chemical industry in Belgium and Italy

This paper attempts a comparison of production structures of the chemical industry between Italy and Belgium using a sub-matrix of a large input-output table. There are studies of comparative production structures in an economy but a disaggregate study has not been attempted for a particular industry. The criteria of difference in technique or intermediate use of a product indicate that there are similarities in some of the subsectors of the Belgian and Italian chemical industry while the criterion of direct and indirect requirements of domestic output and Frobenius root yield completely different results.     

我国中药产业比较优势及出口发展战略研究

在回归自然的世界潮流中,国际医药界正在进行一场扩大天然药物使用的“绿色革命”。中药作为主要的天然药物,其开发与应用正成为世界各国医药产品发展的方向之一。我国的中草药资源非常丰富,而且我国中医药学在数千年的实践中积累了丰富的临床应用经验。但是,我国中药在国际市场上所占的份额却很小。本文利用净出口指数这个指标来测算我国中药产业的比较优势,从而来显现我国中药产业在国际市场中的竞争地位,同时对我国中药的出口发展提出了战略选择,为我国中药产业的国际化发展提供参考意见。     

我国中药产业比较优势及出口发展战略研究

在回归自然的世界潮流中,国际医药界正在进行一场扩大天然药物使用的"绿色革命".中药作为主要的天然药物,其开发与应用正成为世界各国医药产品发展的方向之一.我国的中草药资源非常丰富,而且我国中医药学在数千年的实践中积累了丰富的临床应用经验.但是,我国中药在国际市场上所占的份额却很小.本文利用净出口指数这个指标来测算我国中药产业的比较优势,从而来显现我国中药产业在国际市场中的竞争地位,同时对我国中药的出口发展提出了战略选择,为我国中药产业的国际化发展提供参考意见.     

A comparative analysis of the change in R&D efficiency: a case of R&D leaders in the technology industry

This paper measures the cumulative change in research and development (R&D) efficiency of globally leading R&D companies in the technology industry. We use Data Envelopment Analysis /Malmquist index to analyse 49 such companies. The change in R&D efficiency is analysed by decomposing the Malmquist index into ‘catch-up’ and ‘frontier shift’ indices, and by comparing cumulative indices to those at the starting period. Those cumulative indices are obtained at both a firm and an industry level. Results indicate that the overall R&D efficiency of these globally leading R&D companies declined slightly during the period 2007–2013. At a firm level, this study determines in detail how the trend of each firm in R&D activities differs from other companies.     

基于产业寿命周期的农业优势产业选择研究

运用产业寿命周期理论，封区域农业产业成长周期的阶段性特徵进行了分析，探讨农业产业的发展规律，在农业产业寿命周期的一定阶段上，遴选出农村区域经济发展中的农业优势产业。通过政策扶持，发挥它们的带动效应，实现农业产业的跨越式发尽。     

创意产业?刻意产业?

有人预计，文化创意产业正在成为2006年最有吸引力的词语之一。     

Revisiting the infant industry argument

This paper identifies a flaw in the infant industry argument that previous literature has ignored. A simple model first replicates the infant industry logic but subsequently shows that, in the presence of a ‘traditional technology’ with poor growth potential, the infant-industry logic is likely to fail. Under protectionism domestic producers substitute advanced technologies with the low-growth alternative, thereby inhibiting learning and economic growth. Protectionism's adverse effect on development is magnified by complementarities among advanced input goods and, under adequate conditions, in a three-country setting.     

Efficiency in the factoring industry

The efficiency and productivity in the Italian factoring industry between 1993 and 1997 is investigated using DEA. The factoring industry is an important part of many financial systems and it has established itself as a major source of finance and credit management for a growing number of companies. However, as far as the authors are aware no studies have applied frontier methodologies to examine the efficiency and productivity of this industry. This paper focuses on the Italian market, the second largest in the world after the UK. The results suggest that there are substantial cost savings to be had in the Italian factoring industry: the mean cost inefficiency in the Italian factoring industry over the period 1993–1997 ranged between 14% and 22%. These inefficiencies are mainly generated by allocative rather than technical inefficiencies. Scale and technical inefficiencies seem to be similar in magnitude and the supposed importance of the latter typically found in the banking efficiency literature, are not observed in Italian factoring. Firm size does not appear to be related to technical, allocative and economic efficiency and the hypothesis that ownership structure influences factoring firm efficiency could not be rejected. In order to analyse efficiency change over time the Malmquist index is used. Total factor productivity was decomposed into technical change and efficiency change and the latter was further divided into pure efficiency and scale efficiency change. Productivity changes were slight over the period 1993–1996, while a substantial increase in productivity occurred between 1996 and 1997: the latter appears to be the result of a large improvement in the technology and a positive scale efficiency change, however, this was slowed down by a negative pure efficiency change.