Electricity Consumption–Economic Growth–CO2 Emissions Nexus in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Evidence from Panel Cointegration

This study explores the causal relationship among electricity consumption, economic growth and CO₂ emissions for a group of 14 sub‐Sahara African (SSA) countries from 1980 to 2009 using panel cointegration and panel vector error correction modelling methods. The findings demonstrate that in the long run electricity consumption has a statistically significant positive impact on CO₂ emissions. The results also reveal that the inverted U‐shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis exists in the SSA countries' case. The panel causality tests indicate that there is short‐run unidirectional causality running from economic growth to CO₂ emissions and electricity consumption respectively. Simultaneously, there is long‐run bidirectional causality between electricity consumption and economic growth, electricity consumption and CO₂ emissions, economic growth and CO₂ emissions. Depending on the results, relevant policies can be initiated without negatively affecting economic growth.     

Economic Growth and Electricity Consumption in GCC and MENA Countries

This study estimates the causal relationship between oil rents, electricity consumption and economic growth at aggregate levels with annual data from between 1972 and 2011 for the Arab states of the Gulf and some Middle East and North African countries. An autoregressive distributed lag bounds test shows that oil rents, economic growth and electricity consumption are cointegrated for these countries in a stable manner over this whole period. Granger causality tests indicate that directions of causalities differ for the countries according to their natural resource levels. Thus, these countries can be classified according to their oil rent levels for implementing energy policies such as energy conservation.     

The relationship between an electricity supply ceiling and economic growth: An application of disequilibrium modeling to Taiwan

Using a disequilibrium model, we investigate the relationship between the supply constraint of electricity generation capacity and electricity demand in Taiwan. We find that electricity consumption faced supply constraints in Taiwan between 1959 and 1972, but that generation capacity grew rapidly after 1973, such that economic growth came to be the major determinant of electricity consumption. Our experience in fitting this disequilibrium model suggests that simple causality tests are not a proper means to understand the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth. Our results also suggest, at least for developing countries, that an electricity supply constraint sometimes plays an important role when investigating the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth.     

Financial Development and Economic Growth in Sub‐Saharan African Countries: Evidence from Time Series Analysis

Abstract: This paper seeks to empirically explore the causal link between the level of financial development and economic growth in 13 sub‐Saharan African countries. The empirical investigation is carried out in a vector autoregression (VAR) framework based on the theory of cointegration and error‐correction representation of cointegrated variables. The results of the cointegration analysis provide evidence of the existence of a long‐run relationship between financial development and economic growth in almost all (12 out of 13) of the countries. With respect to the direction of long‐term causality, the results show that financial development plays a causal role on economic growth, again in eight of the countries. At the same time, evidence of bidirectional causal relationships is found in six countries. The findings imply that African countries can accelerate their economic growth by improving their financial systems.     

The relationship between globalization and insurance activities: A panel data analysis

This study applies a Bootstrap Panel Granger causality test to investigate whether there is causal relationship between globalization and insurance activity. We examine data from sigma reports of Swiss Reinsurance Company for 8 Eastern Asian countries over the period of 1979–2008. Empirically, results for one-way Granger causality show the influence of total insurance activity, life insurance activity, and non-life insurance activity on globalization only in Korea. However, there is strong causality from globalization to insurance activity for Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines. In our research, the results show that the causality between globalization and insurance activity varies across countries with different conditions. The findings of this study could provide important policy implications for the 8 Eastern Asian countries under study, namely India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, and Thailand.     

The causative factors of environmental degradation in South Asia

Urbanization, economic growth, and intensity of electricity consumption are the important causative factors of environmental degradation in South Asia. The present study has revealed this while investigating the relationship between the level of CO₂ emissions and important economic variables in the context of five South Asian countries. Panel data are used for this study over the period 1974–2017. Panel co-integration tests and the Panel Autoregressive Distributive Lag (PARDL) model are applied for empirical analysis. Robust results of the analysis indicate that urbanization, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the intensity of electricity consumption are contributing factors to carbon emissions. Based on the results of the Dumitrescu Hurlin Panel Causality test, it is concluded that there is a bi-directional causal link between urbanization and CO₂ emissions and unidirectional causal links from GDP to CO₂ emissions, from GDP to urbanization, and from the intensity of electricity consumption to urbanization. This study focuses on planned urbanization, eco-efficient income growth, and sensible use of electricity to control CO₂ emissions in this region. Considering the nature of these developing economies in South Asia, collaborative measures and strategic planning are suggested on a regional basis to address the concerns in the above-mentioned areas that minimize carbon emissions and thereby aid sustainable development in this region.     

Banking Sector Development and Energy Consumption in Nigeria: Exploring the Causal Relationship and its Implications

This study examines the causal relationship between banking sector development and energy consumption in Nigeria over the period 1971–2013 incorporating crude oil price and indicators of economic performance. An autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach to cointegration provides evidence of long‐run relationship among the variables. The long‐run and short‐run estimates suggest that a non‐linear inverted U‐shaped relationship exists between banking sector development and energy consumption in Nigeria, indicating that initially, energy consumption increases as the banking sector develops and then declines as the banking sector matures to generate efficiency in energy consumption. In addition, this study explores the direction of causality between the variables using the Toda–Yamamoto Granger causality test procedure. The results suggest that a unidirectional causality runs from crude oil price to banking sector development, from banking sector development to energy consumption and from energy consumption to economic growth. It may therefore be necessary for policy makers in Nigeria to incorporate banking sector development in the energy and sustainable economic policies.     

Electricity Generation and Economic Efficiency: Panel Data Evidence from World and East Asian Countries

Abstract

This paper investigates the effect of electricity generation on countries’ economic efficiency. By using a sample of 42 World and East Asian countries for the time period 1996–2006 the paper employs Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) window analysis and econometric panel techniques. The results reveal that there is an inverted U-shape relationship between electricity generation and countries’ economic efficiency. Finally, the turning point for the European countries is much smaller compared to the one of East Asian countries indicating that the European countries shift in energy use from electricity to other sources of energy. In addition the electricity generation–economic efficiency relationship depends also on the structure of the economy.     

山东省能源消费、产业结构和经济发展关系实证研究

文章基于1980-2012年统计数据,研究结果显示,山东省能源消费、产业结构和经济发展间存在着长期均衡的协整关系,经济增长对产业结构存在着单向因果关系,产业结构对能源消费也有单向因果关系。产业结构对能源消费的短期和长期影响均大于经济发展对能源消费的影响。     

INSTITUTIONS,BANKING DEVELOPMENT,AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

Does the institutional environment affect the causal relationship between banking development and economic growth? In the theoretical section of this paper, we develop an endogenous growth model where the institutional environment is captured through two indicators: judicial system efficiency and easiness of informal trade. We show that an improvement in the institutional environment has two effects. First, it intensifies the causality direction from banking to economic growth through a reduction in defaulting loans. Second, it reduces the interest rate spread. In the empirical section of the paper, we find bidirectional causality when analyzing 22 Middle Eastern and North African countries over the period 1984–2004. The first causality, which runs from banking development to economic growth, is more intense in countries with more developed institutional environment. The second causality runs from economic growth to banking and indicates that a more developed economy has a more developed banking system.     

石油消费与经济增长关系的分析

随着中国经济的迅速崛起,石油消费量不断增加。本文分析了石油消费与经济增长之间的关系,选取1980～2007年的数据并运用协整理论和Granger因果关系检验理论,对中国石油消费与经济增长之间的关系进行了实证分析。结论表明:1953～2004年,中国石油消费量与经济增长之间存在协整关系,石油消费量的增加是经济增长的原因;1978～2004年,中国石油消费量与经济增长之间同样存在协整关系,经济增长与石油消费量之间具有显著的单向因果关系。     

教育投入、经济增长与新型城镇化建设研究

文章基于1978—2012年我国财政教育经费支出、经济增长和城镇化发展的年度数据,采用单位根检验、协整分析和格兰杰因果关系检验的方法,对三者之间的关系进行了实证分析。结论显示:教育投入、经济增长与新型城镇化建设三者之间存在长期均衡关系。格兰杰因果检验表明,教育投入与经济增长为单向因果关系,经济增长与新型城镇化互为双向因果关系,教育投入与新型城镇化为双向因果关系。因此,增加教育投入对于经济增长与新型城镇化建设具有正向积极作用。     

Economic research and economic growth: Evidence from East Asian economies

Based upon page counts of articles published in 60 quality economics journals, the role of economic research is examined for five East Asian economies. In Hong Kong, causality runs bi-directionally between research productivity and economic growth; in Japan, the causal effects tend to be one direction from economic growth to research publications; in Korea and Taiwan, causality runs the other way around from publications to growth; and in Singapore, the causal effects are small and insignificant. Socioeconomic differences in each economy help to explain the various causal directions found.     

能源消费，经济增长和碳排放：中国面临的挑战

对中国经济增长、CO2排放和能源消费的长期Granger因果关系检验的结果是:CO2排放是能源消费的Granger原因,反向的Granger因果关系则不成立。收入和CO2排放之间没有长期因果关系,这意味着中国不必以牺牲经济增长为代价来减少CO2排放。     

Energy Dependence in Developing Countries: Does the Level of Income Matter?

This paper re-examines the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in four developing countries. The four countries include two lower-middle income economies, Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire, and two upper-middle income economies, Brazil and Uruguay. The study attempts to answer one critical question: Is the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth sensitive to a country’s level of income? In order to account for the omission-of-variable bias, the study incorporates exports as an intermittent variable between energy consumption and economic growth—thereby creating a simple multivariate model. Using the auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL)-bounds testing procedure, our results show that while energy consumption Granger-causes economic growth in upper-middle income countries, in lower-middle income countries it is economic growth that drives energy consumption.     

进出口贸易与大连地区经济增长实证研究

本文选取1990～2006年度大连市统计数据,建立计量经济模型,在模型中加入进口、消费、投资等解释变量,利用协整检验和Granger因果检验对大连市进出口贸易和经济增长关系进行实证分析。实证结果表明大连市的经济增长与进口、出口、消费、投资之间存在着一种长期稳定的关系,进口、出口和投资明显促进了经济增长,而消费对经济增长的影响则并不显著。进、出口贸易与经济增长之间存在单向的因果关系。并在此基础上提出大连市经济发展的政策建议。     

Foreign Direct Investment and Services Trade: Evidence from Malaysia and Singapore

Abstract

Services trade is an important source of growth in Malaysia and Singapore. Both economies are export-oriented and actively court foreign direct investment (FDI) to advance their economic objectives of industrialization and economic development. This paper examines the causal linkages between inward FDI and the country's engagement in services trade in bi-variate and tri-variate VAR frameworks. The empirical findings for Singapore show evidence of bi-directional causality between inward FDI and the total trade volume in services (i.e. the absolute sum of payments and receipts) as well as between FDI and services imports (in the tri-variate specification). This may reflect her relative open foreign investment policy and free trade regime in services. For Malaysia, the evidence of causality is weaker and uni-directional, from inward FDI to services imports. These findings are consistent with the different stages of economic development and openness attained by the two sample countries, and they provide useful background for trade and foreign investment policies and development strategies.     

电力消费和经济增长：来自中国的证据

对1971—2009年中国人均实际GDP和人均耗电量的Zivot-Andrews单位根检验表明,两序列都是带有结构突变的趋势平稳过程,所以,采用两种方法检验两者间的因果关系:基于VAR的Dolado-Lütkepo检验,和基于去势数据的Granger因果检验。两种检验都取得了从人均耗电量到人均实际GDP的单向因果关系的有力证据。这意味着电力供应对满足日益增长的用电量,从而维持中国经济增长是至关重要的。     

环境污染、能源消费与经济增长

在控制了资本和劳动力变量的基础上,构建了多变量VAR模型,考察了1989—2009中国及分区域在环境污染、能源消费和经济增长之间的动态因果关系。结果表明：对全国来说,分别存在从环境污染到经济增长、从环境污染到能源消费以及从能源消费到经济增长的三个单向因果关系。分区域看,东部沿海地区存在从经济增长到能源消费和从环境污染到能源消费的单向因果关系,环境污染和人均实际GDP之间不存在因果关系;中部地区存在从能源消费到经济增长的单向因果关系,环境污染和经济增长之间以及环境污染和能源消费之间存在双向因果关系;西部地区显示能源消费与经济增长之间不存在因果关系,但存在环境污染和能源消费的双向因果关系和从经济增长到环境污染的单向因果关系。此外,实证结果表明能源消费与经济增长关系的假说一中性假说、增长性假说和保护性假说在东部、中部和西部地区依次成立,即支持了本文所构建的基于EKC的环境污染、能源消费与经济增长分析框架。     

基于经济区视角下的区域金融发展与经济增长关系的实证研究——以京津冀经济区为例

本文从跨行政区的经济区的视角来研究区域金融发展与经济增长之间的关系,采用协整检验和因果关系检验对以京津冀经济区进行实证研究。检验结果显示:在京津冀经济区金融规模与金融效率对经济增长存在正相关性,但是,两者对经济增长的促进作用并不显著。金融规模与经济增长之间不具有因果关系,而经济增长与金融效率之间存在显著的单向因果关系。说明京津冀经济区的经济增长与金融深化发展遵循的是需求引致型发展模式。