备抵法下企业坏账的会计与纳税处理

企业因销售商品、提供劳务等经营活动发生的应收款项中,有可能日后偶发新的特殊情况,难免有些账款收不回来,造成经营损失。税收与会计,对这部分经确认无法收回或收回的可能性极小应收款项,称为坏账;由于发生坏账而引起(产生)的损失,称为坏账损失。企业该如何确认坏账并计提和转回坏账准备,又如何按税法的规定进行纳税调整。为此,笔者现就生产或商贸型企业"坏账"事项、采用"备抵法"下的处理方法与调整为例(不考虑"直接转销法"处理),简要阐述该项会计处理与调整过程,便于正确计税。本文不包括日后期间销售退回,债务方依法破产等涉及到应收款项、坏账准备的日后调整事项的会计处理。     

坏账准备会计税务差异及其纳税调整

《企业会计制度》(以下简称《会计制度》)计入费用的坏账准备与《企业所得税税前扣除办法》(以下简称《扣除办法》)允许税前扣除的坏账损失或准备,两者存在较大差异。企业列支的坏账准备超过税法规定范围和标准部分,不得在税前扣除,应进行纳税调整。现就两者差异和如何进行纳税调整作一些探讨。 一、两者之间的差异 (一)两者遵循的原则不同。《会计制度》遵循谨慎性原则,对应收款项要求合理地预计可能发生的坏账,对于没有把握能够收回的应收款项,应当计提坏账准备。 《扣除办法》遵循确定性原则,纳税人扣除费用不论何时支付,其金额必须是确定的。纳税人发生的坏账损失,原则上按实际发生额据实扣除。 (二)两者对计提坏账准备的方法不同。《会计制度》规定企业只能采用备抵法(如余额百分比法、销货百分比法和账龄分析法等)核算坏账损失。     

试析资产减值所得税的会计处理

企业已提取减值、跌价或坏账准备的资产，如果申报纳税时已调增应纳税所得，因价值恢复或转让处置有关资产而冲销的准备应允许企业做相反的纳税调整，固定资产、无形资产可按提取坏账准备前的账面价值确定可扣除的折旧或摊销金额。然而，《企业会计制度》要求企业对资产计提相应的减值准备，对当期确认的资产减值损失直接计入当期收益。会计政策与所得税税收政策的差异造成了税前会计     

浅谈资产减值准备的计提

一般而言,计提资产减值准备时,首先应评估资产是否存在减值迹象,其次应确定资产可收回金额,然后再将资产可收回金额小于其账面价值的部分确认为资产减值准备,并计入当期损益。由于不同资产的特性不同,其减值准备的计提方法也有所差别。1.应收款项坏账准备的计提。应收款项坏账准备的计提范围包括应收账款、其他应收款、预付账款和应收票据。计提坏账准备的方法主要有应收款项余额百分比法、销售百分比法和账龄分析法等。这些方法各有利弊,企业可根据实际需要选择计提方法和提取比例,但一经确定,不得随意变更。提取坏账准备时,应考虑"坏账准备"科目原账面余额,如果"坏账准备"科目在当期提取准备前有贷方余额,且小于应提坏账准备数额,则实际的提取数为二者之差额;如果"坏账准备"科目在当期提取坏账准备前的贷方余额大于当期应提坏账准备额,表明前期提取的坏账准备多了,则应将其差额从"坏账准备"科目的借方冲销;如果"坏账准备"科目在当前提取准备前为借方余额,表明前期提取坏账准备的数额少了,则实际的提取数为二者相加之和。2.存货跌价准备的计提。存货期末应按成本与可     

若干会计、税务处理问题答疑

企业在业务工作中难免遇到大大小小的问题，本想虚心求教，却又常苦于无处可问，为此，本刊开办“问题解答”这个栏目，帮助您答疑解惑。 1．问：年终固定资产盘盈盘亏，尚未经上级部门审批，在报表上是否直接计入损益？用不用做账务处理？自行进行账务处理后是否还要做纳税调整？     

内外资企业坏账损失税务处理不同

企业坏账损失是企业的一项经营发生的管理费用，故坏账损失亦称坏账费用，在我国，坏账通常是针对应收账款和其他应收款（统称为应收款项）而言的。企业对坏账的核算，通常有两种方法，即直接转销法和备抵法。直接转销法是指发生坏账时，将实际发生的坏账损失直接从应收款项中转销，作为期间费用处理。备抵法是采用一定的方法按期估计坏账损失，计人当期费用，同时建立坏账准备，待坏账实际发生时，[第一段]     

税务师信箱

这笔坏账该如何处理?编辑同志: 您好！我公司是一家中外合作企业,以前年度未提过坏账准备,去年底计提坏账准备5万元,所得税清算时做了纳税调整,增加应税所得额5万元。今年因客户不知去向,致使6万元货款无法收回,因账款未达2年,现未去税务所申请。请问此6万元坏账如何进行账务处理。 上海优格公司 严萍     

浅谈医院“坏账损失”的核算方法

医院在开展医疗服务活动的过程中,由于医疗服务发生的收入与款项的收回往往不能同时进行,从而形成应收款项。当债务人由于重大事故、突发性事件及其他各种原因所造成的应收款项不能偿还、收回时,就形成坏账。医院发生坏账损失,意味着医院蒙受一定的经济损失,这种损失造成医院成本的增加,而成本的增加意味着医院净资产的减少。为此,国家财政部和卫生部2010年底出台的新《医院财务制度》和《医院会计制度》明确提出,允许医院提取坏账准备列入管理费用,且坏账准备是以应收医疗款和其他应收款预计可能产     

会计利润与应税所得差异的实证分析

在 2000年,财政部、国家税 务总局分别发布了《企业会计制度》和《企业所得税税前扣除办法》,对所得税的调整项目及会计处理作出了新规定,要求所有企业从2001年起以税法认定的收入进行纳税申报;当会计制度与税法不一致或不协调时,应按会计制度进行核算,纳税时再做调整。本文从会计与税法两方面规定的差异对涉及纳税调整的内容作一对比:一、会计制度规定核算时作为收益计入会计报表,在计算应纳税所得额时不确认收益的。(一)国债利息收入。会计核算中,企业无论是购买何种债券所产生的利息收入,均计入当期损益;而税法规定,企业购买财政部发行的…     

如何在现金流量表补充资料上正确反映坏账准备

现金流量表补充资料上涉及坏账准备的有两个项目:1.计提的资产减值准备;2.经营性应收项目减少。其中“经营性应收项目减少”是根据资产负债表上应收款项期初、期末金额的差额填列,而资产负债表上的应收款项金额又是根据应收款项账面余额减去坏账准备后的账面价值填列的。这样,当采用备抵法核算坏账准备时,按《企业会计准则—现金流量表》说明填写现金流量表补充资料时就会产生错误的结果。为了说明这个问题,我们试举例说明:甲企业坏账准备按应收账款账面余额5%计提。2004年期初应收账款账面余额10万元,坏账准备账面余额0.5万元。本期发生坏…     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…     

银行管理信息平台建设发展的思考

一、目前国内银行IT发展现状及面临的问题 银行数据集中工作的完成,标志着银行的业务由电子化建设阶段转入信息化建设阶段.一方面银行数据的集中提供了丰富全面的基础数据,面对日益庞大的数据源,如何将数字转化为对银行有用的信息,并从中发现知识,为银行的经营决策提供支持,是摆在银行IT人员面前的一个亟待解决的问题.另一方面用户对银行信息的需求日益增长,如果银行没有一套完整、实用的信息管理系统,将对业务发展非常不利.南京爱立信公司倒戈花旗银行事件曾经轰动一时,其中一个重要原因就是中国本地银行不能满足爱立信全球总部对南京爱立信公司的要求:每周财务上报和每天贷款限额管理.这一事件为中国商业银行的未来发展敲响了警钟,如果不加快管理信息系统的开发,迅速提升业务管理水平,类似的事件还会接连不断地发生,并最终导致国内商业银行在同国外商业银行的竞争中全面溃败.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.