外商直接投资行业间技水溢出效应实证分析

文章选取1999~2003年的行业层面板数据，考察了FDI对中国工业部门内资企业生产率的影响。在考虑了多重共线性问题并控制住不可观测的时间效应和行业效应之后，研究结果显示，FDI产生了显著的行业内溢出和前向联系溢出，但后向联系溢出为负。此外，对技术差距最优区间的分析表明，当内资企业生产率为相应外资企业生产率的30％～70％时，前向联系溢出能实现最大化。     

FDI行业间技术溢出与“挤压效应”:基于广东工业行业数据的实证研究

本文选取广东工业行业数据运用曼奎斯特(Malmquist)生产率指数对广东内资工业部门和国有内资工业部门的生产率及其分解变量进行测算。在控制R&D情况下,明确区分和分别测定FDI技术溢出的行业内溢出和行业间溢出,并从FDI企业所有制类型和市场导向性两个细分层面进行更深入研究。结果发现:FDI通过前、后向关联对当地企业的生产率有正向作用,但仅限于国内市场导向型FDI,作用对象仅是非国有内资企业,传导途径主要是技术进步;FDI通过水平方向对内资企业产生了"挤压效应",但"挤压效应"主要存在于内资非国有企业。     

FDI的水平与垂直溢出效应——以长三角二省一市为例

利用2000—2007年长三角地区两省一市27个制造业细分行业的面板数据,实证检验了FDI对内资企业的水平溢出、后向溢出和前向溢出效应,分别就FDI对长三角地区整体和江苏、浙江和上海不同地理单元的27个制造业整体及不同类型组(高、中、低技术产业组)的溢出效应进行实证检验。结果显示,长三角地区、江苏、浙江和上海的FDI都对内资企业具有正的后向溢出效应和负的前向溢出效应,江苏和浙江的FDI的水平溢出效应为正,上海的FDI的水平溢出效应为负。     

外商直接投资对广东省制造业技术溢出的实证研究——基于分位数回归方法

利用分位数回归方法,本文考察了FDI通过水平溢出和垂直溢出途径对广东省制造业的技术溢出情况.研究结果发现,内资企业的生产率处于高位水平时,FDI通过水平溢出途径的技术溢出表现正向显著作用;生产率较低时易受到挤出效应的负面影响.FDI通过后向关联溢出途径促进了上游内资企业生产率的提升,通过前向关联溢出途径,对生产率水平处于中等以及中等偏上的下游内资企业带来显著的负向影响.FDI对国有企业的技术溢出相比全部内资企业,在水平溢出的变化方向和前向关联溢出方面表现一定的差异性.     

FDI对内资企业的技术进步门槛效应研究

外商直接投资(FDI)对于东道国内资企业技术进步的影响存在争议,本文采用1998-2007年我国制造业企业层面数据,运用Hansen门槛模型实证检验了行业内和行业间FDI对内资企业技术进步的影响。实证结果显示FDI技术进步溢出效应主要发生在行业间而不是行业内:FDI与行业间前向溢出效应呈现"U"形关系,而行业内水平溢出效应和行业间后向溢出效应并不显著。进一步从FDI来源异质性层面分析,发现港澳台资本产生的技术溢出效应并不显著,而西方资本产生的后向溢出效应呈现"U"形关系。本文探究了FDI垂直溢出效应的非线性关系,为我国进一步深化改革,扩大资本市场开放有重要指导意义。     

FDI技术溢出空间性与地区生产率增长

本文在考虑了技术溢出具有空间特性的基础上,利用我国2000～2010年各省工业的面板数据,实证研究了FDI对本地区内资企业以及其他地区内资企业的技术溢出效应.实证结论表明,FDI在地区间也能产生显著的技术溢出效应,但技术溢出效应的强度受到地理距离的影响,而内资企业活动并没有在地区间形成技术溢出效应.进一步的研究表明,无论是本地的FDI还是异地的FDI对东部地区和中部地区的内资企业的生产率均有显著的正向影响,而对西部地区内资企业生产率的影响不显著.     

制造业FDI行业内和行业间溢出对全要素生产率变动的影响*

在中国制造2025的大背景下,如何利用FDI来促进制造业全要素生产率、技术效率与技术水平的提升具有重要意义。采用2005—2014年中国制造业的26个行业的面板数据实证分析FDI行业间和行业内的技术溢出对全要素生产率变动的影响,结果发现行业内直接溢出能有效促进内资制造业全要素生产率和技术效率的提高;行业内间接溢出则会挤占内资企业的生存空间阻碍全要素生产率、技术效率和技术水平的增长;行业间后向关联程度能显著且明显地促进内资制造业全要素生产率和技术效率的提升;行业间前向关联程度能显著但微弱地抑制内资制造业全要素生产率和技术效率的提升。     

市场结构对FDI行业间溢出效应的影响

近年来,对FDI的一些研究发现,行业间溢出(尤其是后向溢出)是FDI溢出的一个重要途径,FDI行业间溢出的影响因素很多,其中市场结构是聊后向溢出的一个重要影响因素.本文通过理论分析研究了上下游行业不同市场结构,以及FDI所在行业中本国企业数目对行业间溢出效应的影响发现,随着上下游行业市场集中度的降低,行业间溢出效应逐渐增大;随着FDI所在行业中本国企业数目的减少,行业间溢出效应也逐渐增大.     

FDI技术溢出效应对企业市场势力的影响研究——基于中国汽车制造企业的实证分析

本文利用1998—2007年工业企业微观数据,实际考察了FDI技术溢出的水平联动效应和垂直联系效应对中国汽车制造企业市场势力影响的显著性和程度,并对私营企业和国有企业进行了比较估计。研究发现,外商直接投资引进对汽车制造企业存在显著的正向溢出效应,具体细分的四种溢出程度为市场竞争效应下游行业后向联系效应示范模仿效应上游行业前向联系效应;企业的所有权属性对其FDI技术溢出的吸收能力有很大影响。     

FDI在行业内与行业间的出口溢出效应分析——基于中国微观企业面板数据的实证研究

基于中国2004—2007年的微观企业面板数据,本文研究了FDI对同行业和上下游行业的内资企业出口增长的贡献。通过采用面板数据的个体固定效应模型以及Heckman样本选择纠正模型,我们发现了FDI具有正向的行业内和行业间出口溢出效应。除此之外,我们还分别考察了内资企业的所有制结构以及外资是否出口对FDI出口溢出效应的影响。     

中国大陆物流经济联系空间结构实证分析

区域经济联系的强度和方式主要由物流流量大小及其空间结构综合反映。物流经济联系是指区域间通过交通运输设施、通讯设备等物流基础设施，进行物质交流产生的相互联系与作用关系。以全国31个省区(不包括港、澳、台)作为地域研究单元，从实证的角度，通过各省区物流经济联系的基础设施、发展水平的等级差异测度，分析物流经济联系强度大小的省区差异；通过各省区物流经济联系主导类型的定量分析，反映物流经济联系方式的省区差异；通过省区物流中心城市、主要物流联系通道、区际货流联系范围的空间结构特征定量分析，综合反映区域物流经济联系的点、线、面空间特征。     

Innovative Assets And Inter-Asset Linkages—A Resource-Based Approach To Innovation

The paper proposes a framework for analyzing assets and inter-asset linkages associated with technological innovation. The framework is consistent with a Penrosian view of the firm and draws on recent contributions from both the more general resource-based perspective and the innovation and technology perspective of the firm.

Three broad categories of firm assets are distinguished: tradeable resources, technical/functional capabilities and managerial competences. Assets for technological innovation are defined as resources, technical capabilities and managerial competences for developing new products and processes. A taxonomy of generic innovative assets is proposed that distinguishes four generic categories of innovative assets: Scientific research assets, process innovative assets, product innovative application assets and aesthetic design assets. Critical inter-asset linkages are analyzed in terms of inter-asset specificity. It is argued that high degrees of inter-asset specificity provide greater scope for innovation and make higher demands on the innovative assets and their coordination than low degrees of inter-asset specificity. It is moreover suggested that complementary assets not only play the role of assuring proper commercialization of given innovations; they may also play a critical role as a ‘focusing device’ for directing the innovative process.

Finally, some implications for strategy in innovative firms are indicated. Thus, the proposed inter-asset framework may help to specify the notion of core competences and provide a more differentiated perspective on innovation strategy and first-mover advantages.     

Economies, Human Capital, and Natural Assets

Human capital concerns are used to structure links between the economy and the environment. Suggestions for empirical work to explore these structures are provided. Particular attention is devoted to connections between environmental hazards and influences upon parents’ decisions to invest in forming children's human capital.     

Linkages, Thresholds, and Development

Growth is rarehistorically, with short expansions interspersed with long periodsof stasis. We examine how well this can be explained by a generalclass of Schumpeterian growth models that treat development asa progress through a space of commodities, from simple to morecomplex goods. This process of sequential innovation in a partiallyordered network of commodities is called linkage formation. The central result of this article is thatSchumpeterian growth models exhibit generic threshold behavior.Below a critical probability of linkage formation, developmentgradually ceases. Above the critical probability, innovationcontinues with probability one.     

企业自主创新的产学研模式研究

企业自主创新是我国实施建设创新型国家战略的重中之重,但是企业自主创新不仅仅是企业的事情,而且还涉及到高校、科研机构等等不同的组织。本文正是从自主创新中企业与高校、科研机构之间存在的关系出发,阐述了不同自主创新模式下,企业、高校和科研机构之间的合作关系,同时进一步分析了产学研之间的联结问题。     

The measurement of interindustry linkages : Key sectors in the Netherlands

The present paper proposes a new method for the measurement of sectoral interdependencies. It is shown that the elements of the eigenvector corresponding to the dominant eigenvalue of a matrix may be used for measuring interindustry linkages. In an empirical study, the eigenvector method is compared with the two methods that are usually applied. Linkage indicators and key sectors are determined for the Netherlands for the entire post-war period 1948–1984. The results show that the eigenvector method provides a better measurement of the interindustry linkages, that it is useful in detecting clusters of sectors, and that it is sensitive to changes in the structure of the economy.     

The two ways of FDI R&D spillovers: evidence from the French manufacturing industry

Using French firm-level panel data, this study investigates R&D spillovers from inward foreign direct investment (FDI) with respect to both horizontal and vertical linkages (backward and forward). Using a Crepon, Duguet and Mairesse (CDM) model, we estimate an R&D-augmented Cobb–Douglas production function to assess the impact of R&D spillovers on firm performance. The results emphasize that international spillovers (from foreign affiliates to local firms) have a greater effect on firm performance than reverse spillovers (from local firms to foreign affiliates) and are more likely to be backward than forward. Moreover, the effect of backward spillovers depends on a firm’s absorptive capacity and is amplified in the case of outsourcing relationships.     

University–industry linkages and absorptive capacity: an empirical analysis of China's manufacturing industry

We analyze the contribution of universities to innovative performance in China's manufacturing sector. Our empirical analysis is based on a matched data set comprising about 20,000 large- and medium-sized companies aggregated at the three-digit industry level and information on university knowledge output for 31 provinces between 1998 and 2004. We show that universities’ impact on commercial innovation varies with the type of activity performed and is contingent on the manufacturing sector's investment in absorptive capacity. In addition, our results confirm organizational theory stating that there is a complementary relationship between capabilities to acquire and assimilate external knowledge on the one hand and the capacity to transform and exploit this knowledge on the other.     

Development Processes Seen Through Non-Marginalist Lenses with Considerations of Complementarities

Marginalism has deeply shaped neoclassical concepts and analytical tools that are applied to development economics. With a static notion of efficiency defined for a state of competitive equilibrium, neoclassical economists study development in equilibrium frameworks, regarding underdevelopment as the consequence of market failures. How might one, who is not equipped with marginalist lenses, look at development processes as they unfold in history? Prior to the emergence of marginalism such observations abounded in the works of the so-called “protectionists,” where ever-evolving production complementarities figure prominently, and there were considerations of indivisibility. In the postwar era, this is present in the works of some early development economists, especially Albert Hirschman in his employment of backward and forward production linkages to characterize development processes, which are viewed as unfolding series of disequilibria. Historical sequences of events reflect path-dependence and they feedback on each other to exhibit circular and cumulative causation. One thing leads to another, or some things lead to others and so on, including institutional changes. However, the activation of linkages could encounter obstacles, with “technological strangeness” being one, in which case sequential policy intervention could be warranted. This article briefly considers differences with the neoclassical approach in generating policy recommendations.