The elasticity of derived demand, factor substitution, and product demand: Corrections to Hicks' formula and Marshall's Four Rules

The concept of the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor, introduced by John Hicks and Joan Robinson over 75 years ago, has had important implications in labor economics and several areas of economic inquiry. In his The Theory of Wages (1932/1963), Hicks developed a formula that has proven very useful in relating the substitution elasticity to the derived demand for productive factors, the distribution of factor incomes, and Marshall's Four Rules. This short paper shows that the original and subsequent derivations of Hicks' celebrated formula contained a slip (that factor shares are independent of the substitution elasticity and therefore constant), presents a new derivation and a corrected formula, and demonstrates that, with the corrected formula, Marshall's First Rule based on the substitution elasticity is no longer generally valid.     

公路工程级配碎石基层施工技术浅谈

我国公路运输体系非常庞大,这给公路大修工程提出了更高要求,交通运输业随着时代的发展竞争越来越激烈,由于经济利益的驱使,运输车辆超载、满载情况非常普遍,对交通道路造成了较为严重的破坏,交通路面网裂、裂缝等情况频发。为了能够使行车环境得以改善,道路建设质量提升以保障车辆驾驶员安全,路面基层施工质量受到了更多关注与重视,对于公路施工技术有了新的要求。在当前形势下,级配型集料作为沥青或水泥混凝土路面的基层或底基层,级配型集料在排水良好的基础上,能够适应多种气候影响并应用于不同等级交通道路,在潮湿多雨地区,级配型集料的应用能够更好的服务于公路工程,级配型碎石基层施工技术应用越来越广泛。     

他山之石:浙江开化空间规划的实践

开化县被确定为全国28个"多规合一"试点市县以来,开始了"多规合一"的积极探索,编制完成了《开化县空间规划(2016—2030年)》,真正做到"一本规划管到位,一张蓝图干到底",取得了一些可推广可复制的经验。总结开化"多规合一"试点的经验及问题,对推进其他市县空间规划具有重要意义。借鉴浙江开化的试点经验,加快推进"多规合一"试点工作,应重点从以下几个方面发力:加强顶层设计,建立统一技术标准体系;开展土地基础数据调查,实事求是确定各类用地面积;加强配套机制建设,建立"编、管、施分离"体制机制;建立规划绩效评估制度,确保规划落地实施;推动规划立法,明确规划法定地位;深化改革力度,给予试点市县更多先行先试权限。     

抛石挤淤在阿康物流园区施工中的应用

抛石挤淤在公路及市政道路的建设中经常遇到又不易准确把握的软土地基处理技术。以鄂尔多斯市阿康中心物流园区基础设施建设项目为对象,针对近年来路基施工中软弱地基处理的不确定性,经过对抛石挤淤施工方法的探究,为这种施工工艺在市政工程中进一步准确可控地推广应用提供参考依据。     

紧邻既有建(构)物等复杂条件高路堑石方爆破技术研究

秘鲁瓦努科至瓦杨柯公路改扩建项目工期紧张,其中一地段为大方量的高路堑石方爆破开挖,但该段路堑紧邻当地民房及既有通行繁忙的道路,施工环境复杂,爆破开挖石方时,确保民众的生命财产安全的压力非常大.本项目周密编制爆破工艺及采取科学合理的安全防护措施,在确保安全的前提下,按既定工期目标完成施工.     

Managing the transfer of capabilities within multinational corporations:: the dual role of the subsidiary

In this article, the relation is explored between the external technical embeddedness of the subsidiary, its assigned role, and capability development in the MNC. It is argued that assigning roles of responsibility or mandates to certain subsidiaries can effect integration of subsidiary-developed knowledge in the MNC. Departing from literature on the market-as-networks perspective and writings from recent years on subsidiary roles, hypotheses are developed and a model outlined. The model describes a significant link between the external technical embeddedness of the subsidiary and its assigned role within the MNC, and a significant relation between the subsidiary's assigned role and its importance for other units’ capability development. The model is tested on a sample of 97 subsidiaries using the LISREL 8.3 statistical method. The final model implies that by assigning specific roles to different subsidiaries, headquarters can exploit the knowledge developed in the external environments of these subsidiaries.     

Shadows of the Past:

A bstract . Sociologists have studied various forms of prejudice, but seldom their own. G. Wright Mills emphasis on the relationship of history, Social structure and biography encourages us to reflect on our own case. In the present instance, the attitudes and beliefs of a Welsh-American are examined in social context. Three implicit themes are revealed: (1) the sociological perspective is essential in understanding self ; (2) for self-knowledge no biography is more important than one's own; (3) the examination of the origin of personal prejudices may aid in understanding, more than condemning, those of others.     

Volunteering: the long arm of the law

Voluntary organisations are beginning to acknowledge that they have responsibilities towards volunteers that closely resemble their duties towards paid staff. There is a move towards interviewing volunteers, taking up references and defining the terms and conditions of volunteer work. This paper explores some legal implications of the formalisation of the relationship between voluntary organisations and their voluntary workers. Particular emphasis is placed on the problems that can arise when voluntary workers receive payment over and above the reimbursement of their actual expenditure. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications     

Poland: the reform of the pension system

The paper presents the system of social security provision introduced in Poland after World War II and discusses the demographic, political and economic reasons for its failure, as well as its impact on the Polish economy. The proposed reform scenarios from two major political proponents, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy, are described. The recently finalised reform proposal is now being introduced, starting with the Polish Parliament (Sejm) passing a package of three acts concerning the split of the current pay-as-you-go single system into a pillar system, with provisions made for a transition period. The paper outlines the proposed changes, including the new role of the Social Security Institution (ZUS) in Poland, the structure of the first pillar of benefits and the opportunities for private companies to participate in the social security provision through the second and third pillars.     

品牌——企业创新的动力

品牌作为一个既具体又宽泛的概念,已经在中国得到了有效的传播。它的内涵也被越来越多的中国公众所认知,从微观的人民生活需求到宏观的国家软实力的构建,都和品牌有着密切的联系。中国企业,如何借助各种机会提升自己的品牌,使自己的企业文化、价值观在国际上广为传播?在纽曼第三届品牌中国高峰论坛上,许多专家和企业家阐述了他们对品牌的理解。     

Cooperation Within the Entity of the Firm:

A bstract . When the presence of unexploited/ree riding opportunities within organizations is considered a sign of cooperation among employees, a repeated prisoner's dilemma game may be used as an explanation. In this paper, arguments against sole reliance on the repeated prisoner's dilemma game for explaining cooperation within the firm are set forth. Some overlooked reasons for explaining cooperation are offered.     

郑州:抄底资金已介入

"下半年的形势可能比我们想象的更严重,为此万科做好了最坏的打算。"8月初,地产大佬王石如是说。二线城市郑州的房地产企业也感受到了同样的寒意。今年1～6月郑州商品房累计销售305.44万平方米,同比下降29.19%。倍     

BRITAIN: Privatisation of the railways

Will the Government's proposals for railway privatization be successful? Professor John Hibbs argues the case for the restoration of competition in the railway industry but finds the Government's plans half-hearted.     

Entrepreneurship and being: the case of the Shaws

Our paper takes the case of John and Elizabeth Shaw, early nineteenth-century English hardware factors. The sources are almost 200 hundred letters written by the Shaws and their circle. Using these, two readings of the Shaws' experiences of creating a business are presented. The first is couched within a narrative structure of plotted stages and finds the Shaws starting, struggling to, and ultimately succeeding in creating a successful business. Here, their actions within a nascent industrialized economy can be described as entrepreneurial – they successfully pursued opportunity through founding an enterprise within economically and technologically auspicious environments. The second, more phenomenological reading, opens up for consideration the questionableness of their experience of ‘being in business’. Here the Shaws' understanding of themselves (as conveyed in personal letters) brings into question the academic tendency to emplot their story as one of the staged growth and profitability. Specifically, it resists attempts to ascribe to their experience entrepreneurial status, not simply because they did not think of themselves as entrepreneurs, but because the appearance of the business for the Shaws was woven with their lives in ways that belie the narrative direction and coherence that concepts like entrepreneurship give to it.     

呼叫中心--提升物流业的竞争力

世界物流业进入快速增长期,我国物流业尚处于发展阶段,如何提升物流业竞争力成为国内物流业面临的问题。本文提出将呼叫中心引入国内物流业的应用中。呼叫中心作为行业发展的桥梁,能实现企业信息流和客户资源的整合,提升物流业竞争力。