关于生态渔业若干问题的探讨

本文从理论与实践的结合上论述生态渔业的概念及其在我国的发展,发展生态渔业的必要性与可行性,生态渔业的类型与模式,提高渔业生态经济效益的措施,并提出了面临的问题与建议,以促进我国生态渔业的发展,实现可持续渔业的发展战略目标     

关于技术创新与我国渔业技术改革模式的探讨

本文根据技术创新的新概念,结合我国渔业的实际情况,探讨了传统渔业技术与现代科学技术相结合、有机渔业技术与无机渔业技术相结合、提高渔业经济效益与保持渔业生态平衡相结合的渔业技术改革之路。     

标准化在促进渔业发展中的作用及其实践

渔业标准化是以渔业为对象的标准化活动。它运用"统一、简化、协调、选优"原则,通过制定和实施标准,把渔业产前、产中、产后各个环节纳入标准生产和标准管理的轨道。本文概述了渔业标准化的概念、基础、现状和存在的主要问题,并结合实际,从标准化在提高渔业的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益方面起的作用及其实践做了简要的概述。     

浅谈渔业物资采购中的成本管理

搞好渔业物资的成本管理,是提高渔业经济效益的重要途径.通过对影响渔业物资供应成本的因素的深入分析,制定有效的措施降低渔业物资采购成本.     

讷河重视发展生态渔业

本文通过多种例证阐明了发展生态渔业,不但可能提高养鱼的经济效益、社会效益、生态效益,还可以促进渔业经济持续发展。     

关于做大做强休闲垂钓业的探讨

休闲垂钓是人们劳逸结合的渔业活动方式。近些年来，休闲垂钓业得到很快发展，它集休闲、娱乐、旅游、餐饮等行业与渔业有机结合为一体，提高了渔业的社会、生态和经济效益，形成一种新型产业，并逐步成为现代渔业的一个支柱产业，而且其市场前景十分广阔。首先，度假娱乐，拓宽了垂钓空间。     

提高经济效益注重集约经营

从江西省渔业经济的现状来看,提高渔业的经济效益要从两方面着手:一是扩大放养水面;二是实行集约经营。前者是向广度发展,后者是向深度进军。当前尤应注重池塘养殖渔业的集约经营问题,它是现阶段提高江西省渔业经济效益的根本途径。 江西省月前有池塘水面90万亩,1981年平均单产仅101斤,按水产品的不变价格计算,每亩池塘水面的产值仅62.8元,经济效益是很低的。其根本原因就是没有采取集约经营的生产方式。什么是池塘养殖渔业的集约经营?所谓集约经营,按照马克思的经济学观点,就是通过采用先进的渔业技术     

湖北省发展休闲渔业的建议和对策

<正>休闲渔业是以渔业为基础,以水生动植物为主要对象,通过对资源、环境和人力进行优化配置和合理利用,将休闲娱乐、观光旅游、文化、餐饮等行业与渔业有机结合为一体的新型第三产业。它不仅开辟了渔业新领域,还显著提高了渔业的社会、生态和经济效益。     

生态渔业的养殖生产模式及发展分析

生态渔业作为实现渔业可持续发展的重要内容,经过近30年的发展,已经显现了它的生机,并取得了较好的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。本文通过论述生态渔业的概念,分析其生产模式,提出了生态渔业的发展新思路,实现渔业发展目标。     

论设施渔业的经济效益指标体系建设

为了提高设施渔业的经济效益,必须根据设施渔业的生产、经营特点、明确其经济效益分析指标。这种指标体系要充分反映投资项目可行程度,充分反映劳动消耗、资金占用与生产成果的关系。     

Price premiums,payment delays,and default risk: understanding developing country farmers’ decisions to market through a cooperative or a private trader

Smallholder farmers in developing countries face a competitive disadvantage in modern agricultural supply chains. Joint marketing through cooperatives is a potential tool to mitigate these disadvantages; yet cooperatives’ success in these settings is uneven at best. We develop an analytical model to study a farmer's choice of selling to a private trader who pays cash on delivery but may exercise market power or a cooperative that promises a price premium but delays payment and carries a concomitant risk of default. In the presence of impatient and risk‐averse farmers, we show that these factors can severely limit smallholder patronage of a cooperative, despite a promised price premium. We then construct and parameterize a simulation model to fit a profile of heterogeneous farmers within a prototype developing‐country village, and study the optimal decisions of farmers regarding marketing through a cooperative versus a private trader. Results suggest that modest improvements in either timeliness of payment or probability of default can induce a substantial increase in a cooperative's market share and economic viability. Extending the simulation analysis to a dynamic setting shows how implementing reasonable policies to improve a cooperative's payment timeliness and default probability can markedly improve its growth trajectory.     

The impact of temporary uses on property prices: the example of food trucks

Food trucks represent a temporary use of vacant or underutilised land. They have been assumed to increase the livability, vibrancy and attractiveness of a neighbourhood. However, no previous study has investigated whether this effect is reflected in property prices within the surrounding neighbourhood. We investigate the impact of a food truck pod on the values of single-family homes nearby. Using a quasi-experimental design, transaction data from Portland, Oregon and a difference-in-difference specification of a spatial regression model, we find that food trucks actually represent a negative externality, and that proximity of a home to food trucks is penalised by homebuyers. The closer a home is to the food trucks, the lower is the sales price. Explanations for this effect include increased parking shortages and trash issues in a neighbourhood due to food truck visitors.     

Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for a Tuberculosis Cattle Vaccine

We use contingent valuation (CV) and choice experiment (CE) methods to assess cattle farmers’ attitudes to and willingness to pay (WTP) for a bovine tuberculosis (bTB) cattle vaccine, to help inform vaccine development and policy. A survey questionnaire was administered by means of telephone interviews to a stratified sample of 300 cattle farmers in annually bTB‐tested areas in England and Wales. Farmers felt that bTB was a major risk for the cattle industry and that there was a high risk of their cattle getting the disease. The CE estimate produced a mean WTP of £35 per animal per single dose for a vaccine that is 90% effective at reducing the risk of a bTB breakdown and an estimated £55 for such a vaccine backed by 100% insurance of loss if a breakdown should occur. The CV estimate produced a mean WTP of nearly £17 per dose/per animal/per year for a vaccine (including 100% insurance) which, given the average lifespan of cattle, is comparable to the CE estimate. These WTP estimates are substantially higher than the expected cost of a vaccine which suggests that farmers in high risk bTB ‘hotspot’ areas perceive a substantial net benefit from buying the vaccine.     

Evaluating municipal landscape plans and their influence on selected aspects of landscape development – An empirical study from Germany

In this paper we examine the question of whether and how municipal landscape plans exert a positive influence on and/or correlate with selected aspects of the landscape. To this end, a representative sample of municipal landscape plans in Germany and a statistical-quantitative evaluation approach are used to uncover correlations between planning and landscape development. As a result, we can show that municipalities which draw up a landscape plan have a higher proportion of natural areas and a lower hemeroby index, i.e. a lower level of human influence. The model also reveals a significant relationship between the quality of the landscape plan as well as its duration of impact and the density of landscape structural elements. It is also determined that municipal landscape plans help protect grassland areas. The indicator-based method provides impulses for the international discussion on the evaluation of plans.     

Food,farmers, and the future: Investigating prospects of increased food production within a national context

With international food price shocks in 2008 and 2011, food security became a political priority in many countries. In addition, some politicians have recently adopted a more nationalistic stance. Against that background, this paper critically investigates the prospects of increased food production within a national context. We use a small, high-income country, Norway, as an empirical case. In 2012, the government set a goal of increasing agricultural food production by 20% by 2030. We ask: 1) How has food production in Norway developed before and after the goal was set? 2) What plans do farmers have, and what do they regard as the main obstacles to increased production? We apply a mixed method combining public statistics, a survey, and interviews. We analyze four production systems: a) milk; b) grass-based meat; c) combined pig and grain; and d) grain. These systems represent around 80% of the domestically consumed food produced on farms in Norway. Since 2000, aggregate food production has had a slight downward trend with periodic fluctuations. Based on a political economy approach, we identify land and labor as the most limiting factors. Capital is less of a hindrance and offers a potential for increased production. Farmers have modest expectations of increased production, though. This outlook resonates with the strong integration of agriculture into the wider economy, at both micro and macro levels, making it challenging to implement new policies and change farm practices on a broad basis. Increases in some specific products, however, are realistic.     

Combining an inter-sectoral carbon tax with sectoral mitigation policies: Impacts on the French forest sector

As France works out its plan to tackle climate change issues, questions are arising in the forest sector as to how sectoral mitigation programs such as those designed to enhance fuelwood consumption or to stimulate in-forest carbon sequestration may coincide with an inter-sectoral program such as an economy-wide carbon tax. This paper provides insights into this question by exploring the impacts of (1) a combination of a carbon tax and a fuelwood policy, and (2) a combination of a carbon tax and a sequestration policy on (i) the economy of the forest sector, and (ii) the dynamics of the forest resource. To do this, we used a modified version of the French Forest Sector Model (FFSM) and carried out simulations on a 2020 time horizon. Basing our analysis on the fuelwood sector, we showed that wood producers always benefit from the combination of a carbon tax with either a fuelwood policy or a sequestration policy at the national level. Conversely, and although it favors wood products instead of non-wood substitutes, a carbon tax always decreases consumer surpluses by increasing wood product prices. As a consequence, the combination of a carbon tax with sectoral policies is likely to raise questions about the political economy of the mitigation program. This is particularly true in the case of a combination of a carbon tax with a sequestration policy, which already decreases consumer surpluses. We eventually showed that by increasing transport costs between domestic regions, the carbon tax reallocates production patterns over French territory which could lead to the necessity of a regional breakdown of policy-mixes in the forest sector.     

The Harvesting Decisions When a Standing Forest with Multiple Age-Classes Has Value

A solution is demonstrated to an infinite-horizon, discrete-time utility model describing the consumption and cutting behavior of a nonindustrial private landowner who is managing a multiple age-class forest and who values both consumption derived from harvesting the trees and amenity derived from the standing trees. A policy rule is derived to attain a normal forest from any initial age-class distribution. It is demonstrated that a noncyclical forest allowing a constant periodic harvest is typically not a normal forest. Therefore, an even-flow timber harvesting is not tied to the existence of a normal forest structure.     

Viral Marketing in the Food Industry: Canada vs. Serbia

The authors explore the application of viral marketing in the food industry in Canada (as a representative of a high-income country) vs. Serbia (a middle-income country). A theoretical background on the scope of viral marketing is given at the beginning. The initial secondary research pointed out that there was a great number of viral marketing campaigns in the food industry, in both high- and middle-income countries. The primary research showed a high degree of use of viral marketing in the food industry in general, as well as a number of similarities between the two countries. Positive experiences with viral marketing in the food industry were far more common than negative experiences. Most marketing professionals, in both countries, believed that a viral marketing program would benefit their company, and they planned to run a viral marketing campaign again in the future.     

Competition, Externalities, and Input Substituting Technologies

The period 1997–2000 saw a rapid global consolidation of crop seed companies. The emerging companies are applying genetic engineering to exploit complementarities and substitutabilities between seed and other crop inputs. This article develops a model of competing technologies where one substitutes for a conventional input. A monopolist may cross-subsidize a technology that substitutes for an input in order to price discriminate between user types. In duopoly, a socially excessive or insufficient share of acres may be subject to an input substituting technology. Welfare improving regulations are identified in the case where a technology substitutes for an externality generating input.     

Using agroecology to stimulate the greening of agriculture in China: a reflection on 15 years of teaching and curriculum development

Even though worldwide research and teaching in Agroecology blossomed in the 1980s, until recently, the development of Agroecology in China has been constrained by technical, cultural and economic considerations. The delay in the assimilation of Agroecology, as a science, a practice and a movement, has resulted in the discipline of Agroecology in China lacking the holistic, interdisciplinary approaches needed to respond to current global and regional agricultural challenges. There is a need to redefine Agroecology both as a critical discipline and as a pedagogical approach. By using an ecology-oriented systematic approach to integrate education and research, a reframed Agroecology is proposed; this is based on a re-imagined, holistic consideration of the hierarchy of agroecosystems. The practical experience of a 15-year international team-taught Agroecology education programme among participants from Canada and China has helped refine disciplinary classifications, both from horizontal and vertical hierarchies. There are evolving impacts of this experiment in Sino-Canadian cooperation in Agroecological research and education; they include a new generation of highly trained agroecologists prepared to act across inter-related disciplines; the alignment of Chinese universities to international agricultural curricula and a better- informed policy-making process towards greening agriculture in China.