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1.
F. Pablo Holgado-Tello M. Ángel Carrasco-Ortiz María Victoria del Barrio-Gándara Salvador Chacón-Moscoso 《Quality and Quantity》2009,43(1):75-85
Although the Big Five Questionnaire for children (BFQ-C) (C. Barbaranelli et al., Manuale del BFQ-C. Big Five Questionnaire
Children, O.S. Organizazioni, Firenze, 1998) is an ordinal scale, its dimensionality has often been studied using factor analysis
with Pearson correlations. In contrast, the present study takes this ordinal metric into account and examines the dimensionality
of the scale using factor analysis based on a matrix of polychoric correlations. The sample comprised 852 subjects (40.90%
boys and 59.10% girls). As in previous studies the results obtained through exploratory factor analysis revealed a five-factor
structure (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional instability and openness). However, the results of the
confirmatory factor analysis were consistent with both a four and five-factor structure, the former showing a slightly better
fit and adequate theoretical interpretation. These data confirm the need for further research as to whether the factor ‘Openness’
should be maintained as an independent factor (five-factor model), or whether it would be best to omit it and distribute its
items among the factors ‘Extraversion’ and ‘Conscientiousness’ (four-factor model). 相似文献
2.
In this study it will be argued that the perceived distribution of opinions among others is important for opinion research.
Three different ways of measuring the perception of opinion distributions in survey research are compared: (a) by means of
a questionwhat most people think about an issue, (b) by means of a questionhow many people are perceived to agree with an issue-statement, (c) by means of ‘line-production-boxes’, a special version ofmagnitude estimation. The results indicate that ‘line-production-boxes’ can improve data quality, but have also some drawbacks which will have
to be dealt with. ‘Line-production-boxes’ give a wealth of information about individual differences in the forms of perceived
opinion distributions. Although the normal distribution is used often, many other distribution forms are also used. The method
of ‘line-production-boxes’ is compared with the method of estimating percentage points. Although high correlations suggest
a good concurrent validity, some systematic differences do exist. New research directions are suggested. 相似文献
3.
Volker Stocké 《Quality and Quantity》2006,40(2):259-288
This paper analyzes whether respondents’ attitudes toward surveys explain their susceptibility to item nonresponse. In contrast
to previous studies, the decision to refuse to provide income information, not to answer other questions and the probability
of ‘don’t know’ responses is tested separately. Furthermore, the interviewers’ overall judgments of response willingness was
included as well. Respondents with a positive and cognitively accessible attitude toward surveys were expected to adopt a cooperative orientation and were thus deemed more
likely to answer difficult as well as sensitive questions. Attitudes were measured with a 16-item instrument and the response
latencies were used as an indicator for attitude accessibility. We found that respondents with more favorable evaluations
of surveys had lower values on all kinds of nonresponse indicators. Except for the strong effect on the prevalence of ‘don’t
knows’, survey attitudes were increasingly more predictive for all other aspects of nonresponse when these attitude answers
were faster and thus cognitively more accessible. This accessibility, and thus how relevant survey attitudes are for nonresponse,
was found to increase with the subjects’ exposure to surveys in the past. 相似文献
4.
This study is based on the SERVQUAL model and the Plan-Do-Check-Action (P-D-C-A) cycle of TQM to establish a higher education
quality management system. In this system, it includes ‘Plan’ and ‘Do’ dimensions to execute ten factors, each dimension complements
with each other. The ‘Check’ dimension has four factors and the ‘Action’ dimension has three factors. Each execution factors
of the quality management system could reduce the occurrence of five gaps in the SERVQUAL model and facilitate education providers
to provide a better service quality. Education providers strengthen an education system by carefully planning and implementation
of quality auditing and continuous improvement. The desired result of this study is to possess a more explicit framework for
high education industry and provide a proper service for students. 相似文献
5.
“Trilemmas”: Characterising the Japanese Concept of “amae” with a Three-Way Forced-Ranking Technique
A ‘trilemma’ procedure is introduced for collecting ‘dominance data’ (i.e. rankings of a set of items along a scale of relevance,
preference, etc.). Trilemmas are three-way forced choices where the three items comprising each trilemma are selected on the
basis of a multidimensional scaling solution (MDS) for the item set, ensuring that each choice is as stark and informative
as possible. A questionnaire designed on this principle is easily understood and rapidly administered. The data are convenient
to record and show less fluctuation among informants than existing techniques. We demonstrate the procedure with a set of
45 short generalisations about behaviour, designed for assessing child attachment. A three-dimensional ‘map’ of these items
was obtained by applying MDS to multiple sets of similarity data. The same structure emerged from English-language and Japanese
translations of the items. Thirty trilemmas based on this map were used to rank the items by degree of association with the
Japanese concept of amae, characterising the concept in terms of its behavioural correlates. 相似文献
6.
Postulating a linear regression of a variable of interest on an auxiliary variable with values of the latter known for all
units of a survey population, we consider appropriate ways of choosing a sample and estimating the regression parameters.
Recalling Thomsen’s (1978) results on non-existence of ‘design-cum-model’ based minimum variance unbiased estimators of regression
coefficients we apply Brewer’s (1979) ‘asymptotic’ analysis to derive ‘asymptotic-design-cummodel’ based optimal estimators
assuming large population and sample sizes. A variance estimation procedure is also proposed. 相似文献
7.
Hannu J. Lahtinen 《Quality and Quantity》2012,46(2):581-597
For young people home is an increasingly important place to use Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and to acquire
new digital skills mainly by informal learning. In this study we focused on young people’s ICT activity in the home context
to examine what kind of theoretical or practical added value as an analysis tool this factor can give for the studies concerning
the relationship between young people and information and communication technology. Therefore we constructed a simple ICT
role variable to describe young people’s ICT activity at home. In order to find out the expressive power and functionality
of the new variable we used empirical data analysing young people’s personal qualities, external factors, ICT usage and ICT
competence in the light of the ICT role at home. The research took 2 years (2005–2007) and its empirical data are based on
the information given by the Finnish young at the age of about 14 in a geographically limited area. On the basis of the data
the personal qualities of young people characterized a young person as an ICT expert at home better than the factors in his/her
social and physical environments. The study revealed that the ICT role is a notable factor, when we want to learn more about
the relationship between young people and ICT, for example, from the viewpoints of informal learning and diffusion of innovations
and use or when we want to create a model of ICT usage or competence. 相似文献
8.
Based on ‘endogenous’ growth theory, the paper examines the effect of trade liberalization on long-run income per capita and economic growth in Turkey. Although the presumption must be that free trade has a beneficial effect on long run growth,
counter examples can also be found. This controversy increases the importance of empirical work in this area. Using the most
recent data we employ multivariate cointegration analysis to test the long run relationship among the variables in hand. In
a multivariate context, the effect of determinants such as increasing returns to scale, investment in human and physical capital
are also included in both theoretical and empirical works. Our causality evidence between the long run growth and a number
of indicators of trade liberalizations confirms the predictions of the ‘new growth theory’. However, the overall effect of
the possible breaks and/or policy change and unsustainability in the 1990s looks contradictory and deserves further investigation. 相似文献
9.
Within the class of weighted averages of ordered measurements on criteria of ‘equal importance’, we discuss aggregators that help assess to what extent ‘most’ criteria are
satisfied, or a ‘good performance across the board’ is attained. All aggregators discussed are compromises between the simple
mean and the very demanding minimum score. The weights of the aggregators are described in terms of the convex polytopes as
induced by the characteristics of the aggregators, such as concavity. We take the barycentres of the polytopes as representative
weights. 相似文献
10.
The cultural theory pioneered by Dame Mary Douglas has been tested with a range of research methods, but it has not yet been made subject to a ‘structured observation’. This method has been developed in psychology and management studies, and is especially useful for testing cultural theory’s prediction that fatalistic, hierarchical, egalitarian, and individualistic ways of perceiving and justifying tend to emerge in group debates about pressing social and environmental issues. We present the results of a structured observation of this prediction. Groups of high school students (aged 17–19) were asked for their opinions concerning three to five ‘wicked’ (i.e., highly complex) problems, and to discuss how to resolve them. Each utterance was coded according to the rationalities proposed by cultural theory. The results confirm cultural theory’s hypothesis that all four specific ways of defining, perceiving and resolving a wicked problem emerge when a number of people debate such an issue. We also discuss how Douglas’ cultural theory can be further developed and tested. Finally, we use our study to outline how the method of structured observation can contribute to political culture research in general. 相似文献
11.
Tomas Hellström 《Quality and Quantity》2008,42(3):321-337
Interpretative qualitative social science has attempted to distinguish itself from quantitative social science by rejecting
traditional or ‘received’ notions of generalization. Traditional concepts of scientific generalization it is claimed are based
on a misguided objectivism as to the mechanisms operating in the social world, and particularly the ability of statements
to capture such mechanisms in any abstract sense. Instead they propose new versions of the generalizability concept e.g. ‘transferability’,
which relies on the context dependent judgement of ‘fit’ between two or more cases instances made by a researcher. This paper
argues that the transferability concept, as outlined and argued by interpretativist methodologists, is thoroughly coextensive
with notions of generalizability formalized for natural science and naturalistic social science by philosophers and methodologists
of science. Therefore, it may be concluded that the interpretativist claim to a break with received scientific traditions
is a premature one, at least with regard to the issue of generalization. 相似文献
12.
Cinzia Meraviglia Giulia Massini Daria Croce Massimo Buscema 《Quality and Quantity》2006,40(5):825-859
The paper is a preliminary research report and presents a method for generating new records using an evolutionary algorithm
(close to but different from a genetic algorithm). This method, called Pseudo-Inverse Function (in short P-I Function), was
designed and implemented at Semeion Research Centre (Rome). P-I Function is a method to generate new (virtual) data from a
small set of observed data. P-I Function can be of aid when budget constraints limit the number of interviewees, or in case
of a population that shows some sociologically interesting trait, but whose small size can seriously affect the reliability
of estimates, or in case of secondary analysis on small samples.
The applicative ground is given by research design with one or more dependent and a set of independent variables. The estimation
of new cases takes place according to the maximization of a fitness function and outcomes a number as large as needed of ‘virtual’
cases, which reproduce the statistical traits of the original population. The algorithm used by P-I Function is known as Genetic Doping Algorithm (GenD), designed and implemented by Semeion Research Centre; among its features there is an innovative crossover procedure,
which tends to select individuals with average fitness values, rather than those who show best values at each ‘generation’.
A particularly thorough research design has been put on: (1) the observed sample is half-split to obtain a training and a
testing set, which are analysed by means of a back propagation neural network; (2) testing is performed to find out how good
the parameter estimates are; (3) a 10% sample is randomly extracted from the training set and used as a reduced training set;
(4) on this narrow basis, GenD calculates the pseudo-inverse of the estimated parameter matrix; (5) ‘virtual’ data are tested
against the testing data set (which has never been used for training).
The algorithm has been proved on a particularly difficult ground, since the data set used as a basis for generating ‘virtual’
cases counts only 44 respondents, randomly sampled from a broader data set taken from the General Social Survey 2002. The
major result is that networks trained on the ‘virtual’ resample show a model fit as good as the one of the observed data,
though ‘virtual’ and observed data differ on some features. It can be seen that GenD ‘refills’ the joint distribution of the
independent variables, conditioned by the dependent one.
This paper is the result of deep collaboration among all authors. Cinzia Meraviglia wrote § 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8; Giulia Massini
wrote §5; Daria Croce performed some elaborations with neural networks and linear regression; Massimo Buscema wrote §2. 相似文献
13.
Marc J. C. Burger 《Quality and Quantity》2008,42(4):541-562
This paper covers the main findings of the doctoral research that was concerned with seeking to extend aspects of dilemma
theory. In professional practice, the Trompenaars Hampden-Turner Dilemma Reconciliation ProcessTM is a vehicle delivering dilemma theory in application. It informs a manager or leader on how to explore the dilemmas they
face, how to reconcile the tensions that result, and how to structure the action steps for implementing the reconciled solutions.
This vehicle forms the professional practice of the author who seeks to bring more rigor to consulting practice and thereby
also contribute to theory development in the domain. The critical review of dilemma theory reveals that previous authors are
inconsistent and variously invalid in their use of the terms ‘dilemma theory,’ ‘dilemma methodology,’ ‘dilemma process,’ ‘dilemma
reconciliation,’ etc., and therefore an attempt is made to resolve these inconsistencies by considering whether ‘dilemmaism’
at the meta-level might be positioned as a new paradigm of inquiry for (management) research that embodies ontological, epistemological,
and methodical premises that frame an approach to the resolution of real world business problems in (multi) disciplinary;
(multi) functional and (multi) cultural business environments. This research offers contributions to knowledge, professional
practice and theory development from the exploration of the SPID model as a way to make the elicitation of dilemmas more rigorous
and structured and in the broader context of exploring ‘dilemmaism’ as a new paradigm of inquiry. 相似文献
14.
A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) cost minimization model is employed to estimate the cost to thrift institutions of achieving a rating of ‘outstanding’ under the anti-redlining Community Reinvestment Act, which is viewed as an act of voluntary Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). There is no difference in overall cost efficiency between ‘outstanding’ and minimally compliant ‘satisfactory’ thrifts. However, the sources of cost inefficiency do differ, and an ‘outstanding’ rating involves annual extra cost of $6.547 million or, 1.2% of total costs. This added cost is the shadow price of CSR since it is not an explicit output or input in the DEA cost model. Before and after-tax rates of return are the same for the ‘outstanding’ and ‘satisfactory’ thrifts, which implies a recoupment of the extra cost. The findings are consistent with CSR as a management choice based on balancing marginal cost and marginal revenue. An incidental finding is that larger thrifts are less efficient.
相似文献
Donald F. VitalianoEmail: Phone: +1-518- 276-8093 |
15.
Jeffrey A. Mello 《Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal》2006,18(1):21-28
As an increasing number of state and local governments pass laws that prohibit discrimination against gay and lesbian employees, individual citizens and groups opposed to such rights continue to fight against them. Although the First Amendment to the United State Constitution guarantees the right to free speech, a potential problem arises when the impartiality of a member of the judiciary is questioned based on free ‘‘hate speech’’ expressed as a private citizen. This paper explores the dilemma the courts face relative to the professional ethics of those who oversee the courts where gay and lesbian and other employees attempt to ensure their rights to fair treatment in the workplace. 相似文献
16.
The focus of the present paper was to identify the key role of usability in SME’s Website design. A conceptual model has been
proposed to show how buying intention antecedents are reinforced in highly usable contexts. The model is founded on the relationships
between usability, perceived risk, pleasure attitudes and buying intention. To test our model an “ideal” fictitious Website
was designed by two graphic designers for a non existent small clothing company directed at the segment of middle class consumers.
Manipulating the usability of this Website, another week navigable Website was created to apply our model in a different context.
This experiment prepared based on the results previously obtained through a qualitative study developed through seven focus
groups. Results show that Internet user develops positive attitudes when navigating through simple, fast and orderly (usable)
SME’s Websites. This leads to greater buying intentions. Also, as perceived risk decreases the Internet user’s buying intention
increases significantly. 相似文献
17.
Amnon Levy 《Journal of Economics and Finance》1997,21(1):69-79
The interaction between a creditor and a sovereign debtor is described as a ‘one-shot’ game with discrete actions—total or
no debt-repudiation and seizure of asset holding abroad. Possible Nash equilibria where each player chooses an action as to
maximize his expected payoff given his beliefs about the other player’s action and the implications of those actions on the
players’ trustworthy reputation are identified. However, if reputation losses rise convexly with the players’ relative hostility,
partial repudiation and seizure can be the preferred strategies. The preferred repudiation and seizure rates are analyzed
under asymmetric and symmetric information about the state of the world. (JEL classification F34) 相似文献
18.
Bruce Hollingsworth 《Journal of Productivity Analysis》2012,37(1):1-5
This paper discusses ways forward in terms of making efficiency measurement in the area of health care more useful. Options
are discussed in terms of the potential introduction of guidelines for the undertaking of studies in this area, in order to
make them more useful to policy makers and those involved in service delivery. The process of introducing such guidelines
is discussed using the example of the development of guidelines in economic evaluation of health technologies. This presents
two alternative ways forward—‘revolution’, the establishment of a panel to establish initial guidelines, or ‘evolution’—the
more gradual development of such guidelines over time. The third alternative of ‘status quo’, representing the current state
of play, is seen as the base case scenario. It is concluded that although we are quite a way on in terms of techniques and
publications, perhaps revolution, followed by evolution is the way forward. 相似文献
19.
M. S. Holla Delhi 《Metrika》1970,15(1):9-14
Summary A natural conjugate prior distribution for the parameters involved in the noncentral chi-square leads to many known distributions.
The applications of the distributions thus obtained are briefly pointed out in evaluating the ‘kill’ probability in the analysis
of weapon systems effectiveness. The ‘kill’ probabilities or the expected coverage are obtained associated with a gamma prior
distribution and compared with those obtained byMcnolty.
This paper is read in a symposium on Mathematical Sciences held under the auspices of Delhi University, Delhi im January 1966. 相似文献
20.
We characterize the equilibrium of the all-pay auction with general convex cost of effort and sequential effort choices. We
consider a set of n players who are arbitrarily partitioned into a group of players who choose their efforts ‘early’ and a group of players who
choose ‘late’. Only the player with the lowest cost of effort has a positive payoff in any equilibrium. This payoff depends
on his own timing vis-a-vis the timing of others. We also show that the choice of timing can be endogenized, in which case
the strongest player typically chooses ‘late’, whereas all other players are indifferent with respect to their choice of timing.
In the most prominent equilibrium the player with the lowest cost of effort wins the auction at zero aggregate cost.
We thank Dan Kovenock and Luis C. Corchón for discussion and helpful comments. The usual caveat applies. Wolfgang Leininger
likes to express his gratitude to Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin (WZB) for its generous hospitality and financial support. 相似文献