中国股市行业风险与宏观经济之间的风险传导机制

本文采用行业收益率溢出指数度量股市行业风险,并进一步研究中国股市行业风险与宏观经济的相互影响,同时引入股息率和利率两个中介渠道深入挖掘其传导机制。我们运用GARCH-in-Mean模型对股市行业风险和宏观经济变量之间的一阶矩和二阶矩相互关系同时进行分析,结果发现,股市行业风险和宏观经济变量之间水平值和波动率都存在双向影响,对外溢出效应较大的行业起主导作用。此外,股市行业风险对宏观经济变量的影响方面,股息率和利率均起到中介渠道作用;宏观经济变量对股市行业风险的影响方面,只是利率起到中介渠道作用。股市行业风险与宏观经济的传导效应在不同时期差异显著。本文研究结论有助于深刻理解金融与实体经济之间的风险传导机制,对防范系统性风险、防止金融和实体经济“风险共振”以及提升金融服务实体经济能力等具有参考意义。     

中国股市行业风险与宏观经济之间的风险传导机制

本文采用行业收益率溢出指数度量股市行业风险,并进一步研究中国股市行业风险与宏观经济的相互影响,同时引入股息率和利率两个中介渠道深入挖掘其传导机制。我们运用GARCH-in-Mean模型对股市行业风险和宏观经济变量之间的一阶矩和二阶矩相互关系同时进行分析,结果发现,股市行业风险和宏观经济变量之间水平值和波动率都存在双向影响,对外溢出效应较大的行业起主导作用。此外,股市行业风险对宏观经济变量的影响方面,股息率和利率均起到中介渠道作用;宏观经济变量对股市行业风险的影响方面,只是利率起到中介渠道作用。股市行业风险与宏观经济的传导效应在不同时期差异显著。本文研究结论有助于深刻理解金融与实体经济之间的风险传导机制,对防范系统性风险、防止金融和实体经济"风险共振"以及提升金融服务实体经济能力等具有参考意义。     

Is Concentration a Good Idea? Evidence from Active Fund Management

In this paper, we examine whether mutual fund managers in Taiwan produce superior performance through concentrated investment strategy, and find that mutual funds with higher degree of concentration have higher investment performance and lower risk during the period 2001–2009. Moreover, when the degree of industry concentration of fund holdings is higher, there is less impact on stock market performance. However, the premium of the market portfolio has more impact on the performance of funds when there is lower degree of industry concentration. We also find that the stock-picking and market-timing abilities of mutual fund managers result in funds with high degree of industry concentration having more returns and lower risks than the funds with low degree of industry concentration.     

Does bancassurance add value for banks? - Evidence from mergers and acquisitions between European banks and insurance companies

This paper investigates the risk and wealth effects of 72 mergers and acquisitions between banks in Europe and insurance companies during the period 1989-2004. The empirical results indicate that acquirers’ total risks remain constant relative to the world, home market indices and home banking indices. There are no changes for the systematic risks (beta) with respect to the world market index or the home banking index. After removing world and home market indices effect, systematic risk against home banking index reduce significantly for domestic deals. In addition, positive wealth effects are documented. Two factors have contributed to the bidders’ cumulative abnormal returns (CARs): relative deal size and being a serial acquirer. Finally, change of beta shows negative relations with CARs.     

Oil and stock market activity when prices go up and down: the case of the oil and gas industry

We examine the asymmetric effects of daily oil price changes on equity returns, market betas, oil betas, return variances, and trading volumes for the US oil and gas industry. The responses of stock returns associated with negative changes in oil prices are higher than that associated with positive changes in oil prices. Stock risk measured by market beta is influenced more due to oil price decreases than due to oil price increases. On the other hand, oil risk exposures (oil betas) and return variances are more influenced by oil price increases than oil price decreases. The results of our study indicate that oil and gas firm returns, market betas, oil betas, return variances respond asymmetrically to oil price changes. We also find that relative changes in oil prices along with firm-specific factors such as firm size, ROA, leverage, market-to-book ratio (MBR) are important in determining the effects of oil price changes on oil and gas firms’ returns, risks, and trading volumes.     

Changes in sentiment on REIT industry excess returns and volatility

REIT characteristics pose unique risks and benefits to investors who seek liquid diversification and hedging vehicles to complement their portfolios. This paper tests for the asymmetric effect of individual and institutional investor sentiment on REIT industry returns and conditional volatility. We simultaneously model the impact of two markedly different groups of investors on the return generating process of the REIT industry. Our findings suggest that noise trading imposes significant systemic risk on the realization of REIT industry returns. Interestingly, corrections in institutional investor expectations have a larger effect on REIT industry returns and volatility than changes in individual investor expectations. More specifically, bearish shifts in institutional investor expectations of future market conditions have a significantly larger impact on returns and volatility than bullish shifts. Results align with the overreaction to negative information and loss aversion hypotheses.     

沈阳市房地产市场发展情况调查

截至2011年9月份,沈阳市房地产市场出现了明显变化,为了解房地产市场的这种变化对金融业的影响,本文选取了我市10家金融机构及12家房地产开发公司并对其进行了实地调研。调研显示：受国家宏观调控政策的影响,我市房地产成交量开始下降,但价格略有上升。由于我市房地产价格相对较低,市场刚性需求较多,房地产市场基本稳定,风险相对较小;银行积极执行国家宏观调控政策,对房地产行业潜在的风险意识增强,多家银行机构上调了房地产企业的贷款利率,追加了房地产企业的担保资金,目前房地产市场变化对我市银行业带来的风险相对较小,尚在可控范围。     

Comoment risk and stock returns

We estimate investable comoment equity risk premiums for the US markets. The stock's contribution to the asymmetry and the fat tails of the market portfolio's payoff are priced into a coskewness premium and a cokurtosis premium. We construct zero-investment strategies that are long and short in coskewness and cokurtosis equity risks; we infer from the spread the returns attached to a unit exposure to US equity coskewness and cokurtosis. The coskewness and cokurtosis premiums present positive monthly average returns of 0.27% and 0.14% from January 1959 to December 2011. Comoment risks appear to be significantly priced within the US stock market and display significant explanatory power regarding the US size and book-to-market effects. The premiums do not subsume, but rather complement the empirical capital asset pricing model. Our analysis relies on data collected from CRSP (Chicago Research Center for Security Prices) over December 1955 to December 2011. To our knowledge, the paper is the first to propose investable higher-moment risk factors over such an extensive time period.     

Interest Rate Risk Rewards in Stock Returns of Financial Corporations: Evidence from Germany

The interest rate sensitivity of stock returns of financial and non-financial corporations is a well-known phenomenon. However, only little is known about the part of total stock returns that is attributable to the compensation an investor receives for being exposed to interest rate risk when investing in equity securities. We pursue here a benchmark portfolio approach, constructing benchmark portfolios having the same interest rate risk exposure as a particular stock. By studying the time series of returns of these asset-specific benchmarks, we find: i) Regardless of the industry considered, the interest rate risk benchmarks of German corporations have mostly earned a significantly positive reward. ii) Returns of interest rate risk benchmarks of financial institutions exceeded significantly those of non-financial corporations. iii) An investor willing to bear nothing but the average interest rate risk of German financial institutions would have earned a mean return of about or even exceeding 70% of the corresponding total stock returns. iv) Returns of the interest rate risk benchmarks of the German insurance sector were significantly higher than those of German banks, which seems to contradict conventional market wisdom that insurances hedge interest rate risks.     

A stochastic dominance analysis of yen carry trades

Yen carry trades have made headline news for over a decade. We examine the profitability of such trades for the period 2001–2009. Yen carry trades generated high mean returns and Sharpe ratios prior to the recent financial crisis. They continued to outperform major stock markets for the full sample period. Given the non-normality of carry trade returns, we apply non-parametric tests based on stochastic dominance (SD) to evaluate whether the high returns of yen carry trades are compatible with risk as reflected in returns on US and global stock market indices. We apply a general test for SD developed recently by Linton, Maasoumi and Whang (2005) to six currencies as well as portfolios of these currencies. For a large class of risk-averse investors, profits from yen carry trades cannot be attributed to risks.     

Effects of the Boxing Day tsunami on the world capital markets

The effects of the Boxing Day tsunami on the world equity markets are investigated in this paper. In particular, this paper examines how the risks and returns of industry and market portfolios are altered as a result of the tsunami. The analysis includes countries that were directly or indirectly exposed to this catastrophe. Both parametric and non-parametric tests are employed to explore the relationship between equity stock returns and the tsunami, and the CAPM is utilised to assess the variation in systematic risks. Given that the literature in this area is at its earliest stage, we draw on economic theories of flooding. In this way, our results are consistent with that of the flooding literature, which would predict that the Boxing Day tsunami would have minimal effects on the risks and returns of equity markets. This paper documents that the tsunami was associated with few abnormal return changes and a general increase in the long-term systematic risk of the equity portfolios in the study.     

Are conditional illiquidity risks priced in China? A cross-sectional test

In this study, we theoretically derive conditional illiquidity risks from the conditional liquidity-adjusted capital asset pricing model (CLCAPM) that we propose by incorporating funding illiquidity into the LCAPM, and we examine whether they are priced empirically in China's A-share market. We provide new evidence of the positive premiums of conditional illiquidity risks even after controlling for mispricing signals and sentiment. The finding suggests that conditional illiquidity risk could be an alternative channel to explain the cross-section of stock returns. Moreover, investors could obtain higher premiums as compensation for their tolerance of more highly conditional illiquidity risks during high market volatility (low market returns) periods.     

宏微观分析相结合的信贷风险预测模型研究

我国现有的信贷风险评估方法存在宏微观分析结合不紧密以及风险评估不全面的问题.本文在基于财务分析的企业风险评估模型基础上,构建了宏微观分析相结合的信贷风险预测模型.建模的主要工作包括:选择反映行业信贷风险的指标与反映宏观经济变化的指标;确定反映宏观经济变化的指标与反映行业信贷风险指标之间的函数关系;依据以上的关联函数和宏观经济指标预测值,计算行业信贷风险调整系数;据此对属于该行业的企业即期信贷风险指标进行调整,对企业的信贷风险进行前瞻性预测.作者还利用证券市场数据检验了上述模型的准确性,结果表明模型可以有效预测企业未来的信贷风险.     

Emerging Market Exposures and the Predictability of Hedge Fund Returns

We examine emerging market and global macro hedge funds and find a significant positive relation between hedge funds’ future returns and their exposure to both emerging market equities and emerging market currencies. We present evidence that the strong predictive power of emerging market betas is related to the superior market‐timing ability of these fund managers. Results are robust after controlling for commonly used hedge fund factors, the emerging market equity index, lagged fund returns, liquidity risk, and fund characteristics. Our results suggest that hedge funds can earn positive excess returns by timing their exposure to emerging market securities.     

DUAL BETAS FROM BULL AND BEAR MARKETS: REVERSAL OF THE SIZE EFFECT

Significant firm-size-related differences in abnormal returns and systematic risks occur in bull and bear market months from 1926 to 1988. Potential differential return premiums between recessions and expansions appear to be captured by the varying risk model and not the constant risk model. Using a dual-beta market model to adjust for risk differences in bull and bear markets, we find that large firm stocks on average earn significant positive excess returns and small firm stocks earn significant negative excess returns. Superior performance of large firm stocks is even more pronounced outside January.     

The value, size, and momentum spread during distressed economic periods

We study the behavior of market risk, value, small cap, and momentum premia under different macro economic scenarios. If these factors are risk factors, then these factors offer high returns to investors at times when the gain (marginal utility) of additional consumption is low (good economic times) and low returns at times when the gain (marginal utility) of additional consumption is high (bad economics times). Our results show that market risk and small cap premia behave more like risk factors while value premium does not. In fact, our results show that a portfolio with a long position in value and a short position in growth is a hedge in the down market and recessionary periods. Our results also show that a momentum premium exists under different economically distressed scenarios we studied.     

Default Risk and Equity Returns: Evidence from the Taiwan Equities Market

Studies of risk and return characteristics of different portfolios have recently gained enormous attention. Differing from past studies, this paper uses a compound option model to build the proxy of default risk and evaluate the relationship between default risk effect and equity returns. The primary goal of this paper is to evaluate the relationship among default risk, size, book-to-market, and equity returns, using data drawn from the Taiwan equities market, and to also examine whether size and book-to-market are proxies for default risk. The results show that the effects of size and book-to-market exist in different default portfolios when default risks are controlled. If size or book-to-market is controlled, there are no default effects. In the regression analysis, when default risk is included in Fama and French’s Three Factor Model, it shows that size, book-to-market and default risk have significant influence on equity returns and default risk is a systematic risk. Default risk is also more powerful in explaining returns when the compound option model is adopted for estimating default risks.     

The explanatory power of R&D for the cross-section of stock returns: Japan 1985–2000

This paper examines the role of research and development (R&D) in explaining the cross-section of stock returns in Japanese market for the period from 1985 to 2000. Economic intuition suggests that expected stock return and the risk of return should be positively related to R&D. We find moderate evidence that the average stock return is positively related to R&D expenditure in that period. The relation, however, is not stable over three subperiods of the sample. In the bubble-forming period (1985–1989), the average return is in fact slightly negatively related to the R&D intensity. In the burst-of-bubble period (1990–1992), the relation is slightly positive. Only in the post-bubble period (1993–2000) is the R&D effect positive and significant. We also examine the relations of the total risk and systematic risk of returns with the R&D intensity and find that only in the post-bubble period the R&D intensity contributes positively to the risks and its explanatory power is low.     

Market Risk,Interest Rate Risk,and Interdependencies in Insurer Stock Returns: A System‐GARCH Model

We examine market risk, interest rate risk, and interdependencies in returns and return volatilities across three insurer segments within a System‐GARCH framework. Three main results are obtained: market risk is greatest for accident and health (A&H) insurers, followed by life (Life) and property and casualty (P&C) insurers; interest rate sensitivity is negative and greatest for Life insurers; and interdependencies in returns are significant with the magnitude being strongest between P&C and A&H insurers. The implication is that greatest diversification benefits arise between Life and the other segments of the insurance industry. Market risk and interest rate risk for diversified firms are smaller than those for nondiversified firms for both product and geographic diversification.     

Industry Concentration,Firm Efficiency and Average Stock Returns: Evidence from Australia

This study examines the relationship between industry concentration and level of firm efficiency and their effect on cross-sectional stock returns in Australian market. Our analysis shows that industry concentration and firm efficiency have independent effects on stock returns. By forming 25 double-sorted portfolios based on industry concentration and firm efficiency, INEFFICIENT firms in concentrated industry earn highest stock returns, while EFFICIENT firms in concentrated industry earn lowest stock returns. Also we find that industry concentration appears to be associated with market share while efficiency has a greater effect on firm earnings. In our cross-sectional regressions, industry concentration shows a positive relationship with average stock returns while firm efficiency shows a negative association with average stock returns. The concentration and efficiency effects are persistent throughout the sample period and is robust after controlling for size and book-to-market.