Pay-As-You-Drive Angebote von Erstversicherern für Privatkunden

“Pay-as-you-drive” (PAYD) concepts for car liability insurances envisage that real driving behavior and situation data are captured and processed via car sensors and tracking systems in order to calculate case-specific insurance rates which better correspond to the risk profiles of policy holders (PH) than conventional tariffs. The present article provides an outline of PAYD insurance variants, of legal arrangements with particular relevance for PAYD offerings in Germany and of the international dissemination of PAYD concepts. It shows that although PAYD offerings of direct insurers (DI) for private customers are not barred by insurmountable technical or legal barriers, they so far have little practical relevance in Germany. Against this background expected PAYD impacts on revenues and costs of DI are discussed in detail in order to analyze the extent to which DIs’ cautious PAYD offering strategies may be qualified as economically reasonable. The investigation suggests that the profitability effects of PAYD insurances of DI targeted at private customers are far from being definitely and clearly positive. Thus, it is very unlikely that DI will make significant investments on their own in order to create a large German residential market for PAYD insurances. Rather such a market will not emerge without accompanying state interventions.     

Aufsichtsrechtliche Rahmenbedingungen für die Tätigkeit von EU-Versicherern in der Türkei

In recent years the Turkish insurance market has exerted a strong appeal, especially for insurers seated in the EU, in view of its exponential growth rates and its dormant growth potential. EU insurers are, however, subject to more stringent insurance supervisory requirements when entering this insurance market, external to the EU, than when expending into other European insurance markets.     

Solvenzkapital für FLV unter Berücksichtigung von dynamischem Storno

Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt ein Verfahren zur Modellierung dynamischen Stornos im Rahmen eines partiellen internen Modells zur Bestimmung des Solvenzkapitals auf. Dabei wird das Stornoverhalten der Versicherungsnehmer von der Entwicklung des Kapitalmarktes und somit des Fondswertes einer fondsgebundenen Lebensversicherung beeinflusst. Das partielle interne Modell erm?glicht es dem Versicherungsunternehmen stochastische Bewertungen durchzuführen, ohne dabei auf die Vorteile der Standardformel zur Bestimmung des Solvenzkapitalbedarfs zu verzichten. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Berücksichtigung dynamischer Stornorisiken unter bestimmten Annahmen erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die H?he des Solvenzkapitalbedarfs haben kann. Eine genaue Untersuchung des tats?chlichen Stornoverhaltens der Versicherungsnehmer erscheint vor dem Hintergrund dieser Ergebnisse notwendig.     

Die neuen dänischen sterblichkeitstafeln für minderwertige leben

Versicherung minderwertiger Leben hat in Dänemark lange stattgefunden. Erstens haben die Lebensversicherungs gesellschaften in Dänemark — wie überall - Personen aufgenommen, deren Gesundheitszustand eine geringere als die normale war. Die hierbei gewöhnlich verwendete Methode bestand darin, dass man der betreffenden Person ein höheres Alter als das wirkliche beilegte. Wenn der Gesundheitszustand eine so schlechte war, dass die Alterserhöhnng mehr als 10 Jahre betragen musste, wenn die Prämie als hinreichend geschätzt werden konnte, wurde der Antrag gewöhnlich abgelehnt. Es war im allgemeinen die Regel, dass die Alterserhöhung auch bei der Berechnung der Prämienreserve und des Rückkaufswerts in Rechnung gebracht wurde. Karenzzeit entweder gewissen Todesursachen gegenüber oder allgemeine Karenz kam natürlich auch vor. Während also die meisten Gesellschaften die schlechteren Risiken ganz ablehnten, konnte jede Person bei der Gesellschaft ?Danmark? cin der sogenannten ?Unterabteilung? eine Versicherung bekommen. Die Prämien wurden nach einer sehr strengen Sterblichkeitstafel ausgerechnet, und für alle Versicherungen galt eine 5- jährige Karenz.     

Einflussfaktoren für betrügerisches Verhalten von Versicherungsnehmern: erste experimentelle Befunde

Theoretical research examining how to fight insurance fraud is usually based on the assumption that individuals behave purely selfish and maximize expected utility from monetary payoffs. Therefore, this research does not take into account that insurance fraud constitutes an illegal behavior that some individuals never commit, e.g., due to ethical reasons. This article presents experimental findings on factors that influence fraudulent behavior of infrequent offenders. The results show that some subjects never commit fraud in the experiment, although it would have been financially profitable. Deductible contracts lead to an increase of fraudulent behavior. In contrast, information regarding other subjects’ claiming behavior does not have any significant impact on the probability to commit fraud. Therefore, in our experiment social interaction only induces minor changes in behavior.     

Sicherungssysteme für Finanzdienstleistungsunternehmen im europäischen Vergleich – Theorieperspektive

The contribution discusses the design of guarantee schemes for financial services firms, with a focus on insurance guarantee schemes. It lists reasons that contribute to the development of guarantee schemes, especially stemming from a market failure risk. It further describes the pros and cons of ex-ante and of ex-post premium payments, and sets out arguments for and against risk based premiums of insurance guarantee schemes. The contribution also investigates whether the existence of insurance guarantee schemes might lead to a more risky insurance firm policy. Finally it examines in how far consumer protection based on insurance guarantee schemes prevents consumer protection based on market discipline that should be achieved by the third pillar of Solvency II.     

Prognose des Abwicklungsergebnisses mittels Chain-Ladder-Verfahren für abhängige Run-Off-Portfolios

In the present paper we analyse how the estimators from Merz u. Wüthrich (2007) could be generalised to the case of N correlated run-off triangles. The simultaneous view on N correlated subportfolios is motivated by the fact, that in practice a run-off portfolio often has to be divided in subportfolios, so that the homogeneity assumption of the claims reserving method on each subportfolio is satisfied. We derive an explicit formula for the process-variance, the estimation-error and the prediction error made by the forecast for the claims development result with the Chain-Ladder method. We illustrate the results by an example.     

Garantieversprechen für Gebrauchsgüter als erlaubnispflichtige Versicherungsgeschäfte aus deutscher und europäischer Sicht

The article deals with the conditions under which the provider of guarantees for consumer goods operates an insurance business and therefore needs a permit. This question is of fundamental academic importance as it concerns the limits of insurance. Secondly, it is of practical relevance, as is reflected in court decisions in Germany as well as in other European countries. A comparative analysis supports the following rules: An extension of the statutory warranty offered by the seller or manufacturer is normally to be regarded as ancillary to the purchase agreement, which does not lead to regulatory licensing requirements. By contrast, if a third party offers a guarantee this is to be considered as an insurance business and therefore requires a permit.     

Deckungsbegrenzungen in Pflichtversicherungen – Die Bedeutung des § 114 VVG 2008 für Verträge über Pflichthaftpflichtversicherungen

Numerous liability insurances are mandatory in order to ensure the indemnification of potential victims. These compulsory insurances are regulated by sections 113 et seqq. of the “Versicherungsvertragsgesetz” (German insurance contract law). The new section 114 aims at protecting the victims' financial interests by specifying the necessary scope of cover of compulsory insurances.However, the statutory interpretation of section 114 provides several difficulties: For example, it prescribes concrete amounts on the hand – and contains a vague blanket clause on the other hand. This study wants to disclose these difficulties, develop specific solutions and reveal the fundamental legal interests which lie behind section 114.     

Die stochastische Modellierung von Großschäden für den Einsatz in internen Risikomodellen der Schadenversicherung

Along with individual corporate management and regulatory matters for instance within EU regime Solvency II, Internal Risk Models are very important for major general insurance companies. Of crucial importance in building these internal models, is the stochastic modelling of large claims and in particular, the selection and parameterization of suitable probability distributions for the amount and number of claims based on empirical data. To this end, in practice, a visually-based methodology is more appropriate and workable than strict mathematical approaches. Based on a practical case study, this paper provides some insight into a visually-based methodology for internal risk models.     

Aus der Sterblichkeitserfahrung einer Heilanstalt für Lungenschwindsüchtige

Abstract

Die im folgenden angegebenen Zahlen sind aus dem in dem Sanatorium Takaharju (Finnland) während der 20-jährigen Periode 1903–1923 angesammelten Material hergeleitet worden. Das Sanatorium ist eine Heilanstalt nur für Lungenschwindsüchtige.     

Die Risikoübernahme von Versicherungsunternehmen: Eine empirische Analyse für Deutschland und Großbritannien

In this paper we analyze the risk resulting from an insurer’s investment policy. For this a hypothetical asset return rate is defined, based on which the German and British insurance market is analyzed. The study design allows an investigation of the investment risk in different countries or for different lines of business. The aim of the analysis is to detect general market trends in the investment policy and an analysis of effects of important changes over time on the investment risk of insurers. The questions analyzed in this paper are also of particular relevance beyond the background of current reform proposal for insurance regulation in Europe in the field of risk management and capital adequacy (Solvency II).     

Betriebswirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung von „New Economy-Unternehmen” in der Versicherungswirtschaft

While a whole set of ?new economy enterprises” in the insurance business were successfull, many of them left the market after a very short life span. What are the substantial conditions for the success of these enterprises? The answer to this analisis can be summarized in three aspects:

1. The business model should contain a sufficient information-economic transaction benefit.
2. The branding strategy should create in the sense of Informationssurrogates sufficient confidence and generate respectable traffic.
3. The supply of sufficient investment capital must be guaranteed during the entire starting period.

     

Aktienanlage für Lebensversicherer unter Solvency II

Life insurance companies are among the largest institutional investors. As part of their investment policy they are subject to special legal requirements. In particular the calculation of the solvency capital that has to be deposited for the market risk has changed under Solvency II. A widely spread thesis on this topic is that investments in equity have become unprofitable for life insurers due to solvency capital requirements – compared to previous periods of high equity ratios of temporally over 25%. Therefore insurers might have dropped their average stock quotas to below 5%.The intention of the present study is to analyze whether the capital requirements for the equity investments under Solvency II are a hurdle to achieve a reasonable profitability or – opposite to that – whether the equity investments are a suitable investment to provide an acceptable return on assets. For this purpose the solvency capital requirements of the equity investment under Solvency I considering the BaFin stress test are compared with the new solvency capital requirements under Solvency II including the symmetric adjustment factor (SA). Furthermore the diversification effects are taken into account; they are analyzed on the basis of the SFCR reports of the life insurance companies first published in 2017. As a result the risk capital requirements for equity investments under Solvency II have been reduced to more than 50% compared to prior solvency requirements and depending on the observed scenarios. Whilst Solvency I required an underlying risk capital of 31% at the end of 2017, Solvency II requires only 13.56% following the standard model and after aggregating the risk-mitigating effects in the group scenario. This effect results in a surplus of 7.2%, considering industry-standard capital costs for the underlying solvency capital and an average stock market return of 8% per annum. Consequently the equity investment is suitable to increase the profitability of the investments of German life insurance companies especially in the environment of low interest rates in the capital market for fixed income titles.     

Die niederländische Gesundheitsreform 2006 – Vorbild für eine weitere Reform des Krankenversicherungswesens in Deutschland?

The health sector of many European countries has been subject of a profound process of change for years. Since the federal elections of 2009 a discussion on the direction of the German health insurance system has emerged. In this context, German neighboring countries like Switzerland or the Netherlands are considered due to their changes in health policy for decades. This work deals with the effects of the recent Dutch health care reform. Due to the combination of the two elements “Bürgerversicherung” and “Kopfpauschale”, it serves as a possible model for further reform in the German health system since its introduction in 2006. Special attention was paid to the consolidation of statutory and private insurance in a general citizens insurance in the Netherlands “three-pillar model”. Because of the medium-term time horizon, financial impacts on state and private households and changes in competition between insured individuals, insurers and providers could be analysed. Especially, positive effects in terms of increasing competition and reducing the two-tier health care became apparent.     

Neues Aufsichtsrecht für Aufsichtsr?te durch den Regierungsentwurf zum 10. VAG-?nderungsgesetz

The Transformation of the Solvency II Directive into the German insurance supervisory law will lead to more exacting tasks for the members of supervisory boards, which will have a significant impact on their qualifications. The directive, however, doesn??t stipulate fit an proper reqirements for the members of supervisory boards, so that German corporate law provides the relevant standards. The German governement??s draft of the transformation act, which still requires ??Sachkunde??, conflicts with German constitunional law and European supervisory law.     

Werbeanzeigen von Versicherungsunternehmen zur Aufklärung über Gesundheitsrisiken

Insurers offering health-related services as accident insurance, health insurance coverage or nursing insurance for instance have a legitimate interest in reducing costs of ill insured. Information about health-conscious behavior and health risks provided by advertisement may contribute this impact. In an experimental study, we analyze the effect of credibility of advertisement and independent third-party trustmark on health risk perception and health behavior intentions. Results demonstrate significant influence of credibility of advertisement on health risk perception and higher credibility for advertisement with independent trustmark. Furthermore, higher health risk perception conducts to healthier behavior intentions.