珠三角地区资本结构与劳资关系的实证研究

根据资本-劳动替代的“拐点论”,经济发展的初期总是伴随着物质资本的积累,物质资本将在相当长的时期占据经济增长的主导地位;由于资本劳动的边际替代率递减,当物质资本积累处于一定阶段,产生对人力资本更多需求,人力资本则成为这个时期的主要资本;只有在经济持续发展,政治文明发展到一定程度,信任、规范、网络和社会公德等社会资本才有可能成为推动经济发展的主导力量。珠三角地区城市的劳资关系在近30年均处于下降趋势,物质资本总体处于上升趋势,人力资本意义上的劳动力尤其是高层次高素质的劳动力较缺乏;社会资本可以显著的促进物质资本和人力资本的积累,物质资本水平的提高并不必然产生人力资本积累和社会资本积累的结果,人力资本积累也不必然促进社会资本的发展。需要转变经济发展方式,为资本演化创造物质条件,促进人力资本和社会资本积累,并在企业管理层面上促进合作型劳资关系的形成。     

信任及其解释:来自中国的跨省调查分析

“信任”被普遍认为是除物质资本和人力资本之外决定一个国家经济增长和社会进步的主要社会资本。华人社会在许多跨文化研究中被认为是低信任度的社会 ,而在国内 ,许多学者已用“信任危机”概括人与人关系的现状。本文试图通过中国跨省的信任调查数据 ,揭示信任对一个地区的经济绩效 ,例如企业规模、企业发展速度、引进外资等的影响 ,进一步分析影响信任的因素。我们的发现表明 ,一个地区能否被人们所信任与地域文化并不紧密相关 ,更重要的是跟人们之间的交易被重复的可能性、交易的发达程度、教育水平等因素有关。这些证据支持了经济学理论中关于重复博弈导致信任的基本假说。     

分工演进、社会资本与产业集群--对产业集群的形成与发展机理的一个解释

新兴古典经济学文献认为,经济的发展是一个分工演进的过程.通过实证案例,我们认为集群的形成与发展同样是一个分工演进的过程.然而,分工的深化又受到交易效率的制约.于是,我们探讨了集群特有的社会资本对于提高交易效率、从而推动分工演进、促进集群发展这一作用的过程.因此,地方政府可以通过创造鼓励诚信、鼓励合作的制度环境,便于社会资本的积累,以促进集群的形成与发展.     

促进区域经济发展的社会资本培育机制建设探讨

信任、合作、规范、网络、文化认同等社会资本要素在区域经济发展中的作用越来越明显,已成为自然资本、物质资本和人力资本的必要补充,并与其一起构成区域经济发展所必不可少的要素。因此,应充分发挥区域社会资本因素的作用,并与物质资本、人力资本等融合在一起,使之形成一种推动区域经济发展的合力。地方政府在关注区域内有形资本和人力资本的投入时,更应致力于社会资本的培育。具体而言,地方政府应建立健全法律规范,营造一个诚信的制度环境;加快构建社会信用体系;加强商会、行业协会等民间组织的作用;培育创新、信用、合作、开放的区域文化。     

农村资金互助组织的生发基础思辨--基于社会资本视角

社会资本是以信任、互惠和社会规范为基础的人际关系及关系网络,封闭性的社会结构是社会资本发挥作用的条件,也是社会资本产生消极功能的根本原因。本文通过在农村资金互助组织的生发基础研究中引入农村社会资本,对组织所处的农村社会网络、规范和信任进行分析,发现农村社会结构的相对封闭性在组织设立初期起到积极作用,但它制约组织的长远发展和成员的创新活动。     

Personal strategic alliances: enhancing the scientific and technological contributions of university faculty in Malaysia

Scientific and technological human capital is a critical element for the economic and social advancement of countries in the developing world. Using Malaysia as an example, this paper examines the relationship between the research productivity of university faculty and human capital development with a specific focus on personal strategic alliances. The results show that educational attainment, location at a designated research university, and consulting experience positively influence faculty publication productivity. Furthermore, alliances established through consulting, applied research, and entrepreneurial experiences are critical for the development of new technologies stemming from university research. Malaysia's experience may hold lessons for developing countries: the full development potential of human capital investments may only be realized by simultaneously strengthening and supporting personal strategic alliances with communities outside academia.     

Social division,trust, and reciprocity among Chinese inmates

Social capital promotes cooperation between people and, in turn, economic growth and stability. Trust and trustworthiness are components of social capital that are associated with economic success. This paper provides insight into the impact of social division on cooperative behavior. We use the one-shot investment game to measure trust and reciprocity among inmates in a Chinese prison, which offers an institutional setting that allows us to examine how social interaction, or a lack thereof, fosters cooperation. Results show that the variation in social division through physical separation does not have a significant impact on cooperative behavior among inmates. However, inmates are more trusting than our benchmark group of university students even though inmates have faced significant life challenges. While social interaction fails to boost trust and reciprocity, childhood experience and family environment mold social preferences. In particular, reciprocity deteriorates for those who have migrant mothers.     

集群条件下社会资本影响中小企业融资效应的分析

中小企业融资难已成为理论界和实务界讨论的热点问题.本文从中小企业生存环境的特质性角度出发,关注中小企业可持续发展所依赖的集群效应,将网络结构、信任合作、认知环境等进行综合,提升到社会资本的层面剖析中小企业融资行为的内在结构关系,并从追求双赢角度探讨融资体系内避免信用失缺的机理,验证了集群条件下社会资本对中小企业融资效用的影响.说明只有充分利用企业集群效应,发挥社会资本的作用,构建集群内的和谐社会网络关系,才是解决中小企业融资难的最佳捷径.     

孵化网络中在孵企业资源获取对创新绩效的影响

以孵化网络为背景,研究在孵企业如何在网络资源共享环境下有效获取资源,并通过网络化嵌入积累关系社会资本,提升创新绩效。构建了资源获取、关系社会资本与创新绩效关系的理论模型,以天津市206家在孵企业为样本,采用回归分析和结构方程模型对理论假设进行检验。结果表明：在孵企业资源获取对创新效果和创新效率具有显著正向影响;在孵企业资源获取对关系社会资本的信任和承诺维度具有显著正向影响;在孵企业关系社会资本中信任对创新绩效具有显著正向影响,承诺对创新绩效无显著影响;关系社会资本在资源获取和创新绩效间起部分中介作用。     

CEO学术经历对企业绿色创新的驱动效应——环境注意力配置与产学研合作赋能双重视角

从高阶理论出发,结合注意力基础观和资源基础观,围绕CEO学术经历对企业绿色创新水平的驱动效应及其具体作用机制进行深入研究。结果表明,与不具备学术经历的CEO相比,具备学术经历的CEO能够显著提高企业绿色创新水平;当CEO在学术经历中取得较高职称、具有工科背景、任职于高层次学术机构时,这种效应更加显著;公司所在地较高的社会信任水平、儒家文化氛围能够增强CEO学术经历对企业绿色创新水平的提升效应。中介效应检验发现,具有学术经历的CEO能够在企业绿色创新中发挥人力资本和社会资本的双重作用,并通过提高环境注意力,促进企业开展产学研合作,提高企业绿色创新水平。结论可为企业从高管选聘视角提高绿色创新水平提供参考。     

Social capital,knowledge sharing,and innovation capability: an empirical study of R&D teams in Iran

Effectively encouraging employees to share valuable knowledge can increase and sustain a firm's competitive advantages. This study adopted an integrated approach to understand casual relationships among knowledge sharing (KS) enablers (social capital factors), mechanism of forming KS behaviours (knowledge collecting and knowledge donating) through individuals’ KS intention, and KS outcome (innovation capability) within research and development teams. The research model was developed by reviewing literature and tested with survey data collected from 230 employees in multiple companies in Iran. Results of partial least squares analysis indicated that social interaction ties (as a structural capital factor), trust, reciprocity, and team identification (as relational capital factors) significantly associated with KS intention. KS intention, in turn, was significantly related to KS behaviours (knowledge colleting and knowledge donating). In addition, findings revealed that members’ willingness to collect and donate knowledge can affect team innovation capability. This study also discusses the implications for fostering social capital and KS behaviours to enhance team innovation capability.     

Trust and development

In this paper we examine linkages between social trust and economic development using, for the first time, a panel of data. We confirm earlier cross-sectional studies finding that trust is a significant factor in development and also show for the first time that trust significantly interacts with both investment in physical and human capital. We provide a robustness analysis of our results via a set of jackknife experiments on our main equations, and the trust coefficients and interactions are very tightly distributed, indicating that the results are not highly sample dependent. We also consider whether trust directly influences investment and find that in a panel framework it does not unless we allow for a trust–education interaction in the investment equation.     

创业者的人力资本和社会资本对创业过程的影响

创业者的人力资本和社会资本在新企业的创建和成长中起着至关重要的作用。本文探讨了创业者人力资本和社会资本的构成及其关系,就它们对机会识别、新企业创建和成长的不同阶段的影响进行了评述和研究,总结了其中的机制,并指出,在创业过程中创业者的人力资本和社会资本会互相影响,不断形成资本的积累和增值,进而促进或抑制新企业的成长绩效。在此基础上,提出了基于创业者人力资本和社会资本的创业过程整体研究框架。     

国外房地产投资信托发展的经验与启示

房地产投资信托在拓宽居民投资渠道、活跃房地产市场、培育和健全资本证券市场及促进社会发展等方面发挥着重要作用。房地产投资信托的健康发展涉及其发行、上市交易和所投资物业的运营和管理等诸多方面,应在汲取国外房地产投资信托发展的成功经验的基础上,从法律制度完善、机构投资者参与及自身不断创新的专业队伍培养等方面入手,开创中国房地产投资信托的新局面。     

天使投资：创业企业融资模式的创新

天使投资将高科技与金融相结合,把资金投入到风险很大的创新项目的研究与开发中,是与传统的投资理念截然不同的一种新型投资方式。天使投资和风险投资在投资规模与阶段上存在着明显的互补关系,一个健康的天使投资市场对风险资本市场的繁荣至关重要。目前,中国天使投资尚处于起步阶段,应借鉴国外经验,充分挖掘其潜力,可通过创业者的诱导和政府的政策鼓励等措施来促进中国天使投资业的发展。     

Trust,cultural norms and financial institutions in rural communities: the case of Cameroon

The success of the operations of formal and informal financial institutions (IFIs) hinges on a high degree of trust. The pivotal role of trust warrants careful analysis regarding its formation in these financial institutions. Using the case of Cameroon, the paper interrogates trust development between formal financial institutions and their clients, and between IFIs and their members. Trust formation occurs via certain cognitive trust-building processes: calculative, prediction, intentionality, capability, and transference processes. The paper argues that trust formation through these processes is predicated upon cultural values and beliefs. It is precisely because of cultural norms that traditional leaders play a role in ensuring that loans granted by formal financial institutions are repaid, thereby serving as principal actors in the functioning of financial capitalism in rural areas. The interplay between culture and financial institutions reconfigures the financial architecture in rural zones. Culture creates a social relational anthropology that is significant for how financial institutions operate.     

Does social capital determine innovation? To what extent?

This paper deals with two questions: Does social capital determine innovation in manufacturing firms? If it is the case, to what extent? To deal with these questions, we review the literature on innovation in order to see how social capital came to be added to the other forms of capital as an explanatory variable of innovation. In doing so, we have been led to follow the dominating view of the literature on social capital and innovation which claims that social capital cannot be captured through a single indicator, but that it actually takes many different forms that must be accounted for. Therefore, to the traditional explanatory variables of innovation, we have added five forms of structural social capital (business network assets, information network assets, research network assets, participation assets, and relational assets) and one form of cognitive social capital (reciprocal trust). Based on the survey data administered from April to June 2000 to 440 manufacturing firms of diverse industries in a region in the southwest of Montréal, we have found that 68.5% of the firms have developed product or process innovations during the 3 years preceding the survey. Assuming that innovation is not a discrete event but a complex process, we have modeled the decision to innovate as a two-stage decision-making process: in the first stage, the firms deal with the decision about whether to innovate or not whereas, at the second stage, the firms that have decided to innovate must make a decision about the degree of radicalness of the innovation to undertake. In a context where empirical investigations regarding the relations between social capital and innovation are still scanty, this paper makes contributions to the advancement of knowledge in providing new evidence regarding the impact and the extent of social capital on innovation at the two decision-making stages considered in this study. Regarding the decision to innovate or not that firms must initially make, we have provided strong evidence that diverse forms of social capital influence this decision and, more importantly, that marginal increases in social capital, especially in social capital taking the forms of participation assets and relational assets, contribute more than any other explanatory variable to increase the likelihood of innovation of firms. As for the decision to be made at the second stage concerning the magnitude of radicalness to bring in the development of new product or process innovations, this paper contributes to the advancement of knowledge by supplying the strongest evidence that diverse forms of social capital determine the radicalness of innovation, and more importantly, that social capital taking the form of research network assets contributes more than any other explanatory variable to explain the radicalness of innovation. The second variable that exerts the strongest impact on the radicalness of innovation is the number of different advanced technologies employed by firms for production.     

Human capital and leadership: the impact of cognitive and noncognitive abilities

We conduct an economic analysis about the impact of human capital on an individual’s potential of becoming a leader based on data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Survey (PIAAC). Our human capital indicators include not only traditional measures such as education and experience, but also various measures of cognitive and noncognitive ability. Our cognitive ability measures include numeracy, literacy, and problem solving abilities, and noncognitive ability measures include perseverance, motivation to learn, and social trust. We specifically investigate the effect of measurement error and reverse causality on the estimation results. We find that problem-solving ability is the most important in affecting leadership among cognitive ability measures, and perseverance shows the strongest impact among noncognitive ability measures. As a leader supervises more employees, the role of cognitive and noncognitive ability becomes more critical.     

社会资本对企业员工创新行为的影响

知识经济时代,创新是企业可持续发展的战略选择。社会资本作为一种社会结构性资源,通过知识分享在员工创新过程中产生溢出效应。以信任和知识共享为中介变量,以创新动机为调节变量,构建社会资本对企业员工创新行为的影响模型,并提出研究假设。通过对成都高新区软件园5家电子信息企业员工进行问卷调查,共收集443份有效问卷,采用SPSS22.0软件对样本数据进行中介和调节效应分析。结果显示：社会资本的3个维度（结构维度、关系维度和认知维度）均显著影响员工创新行为;信任在认知维度社会资本和员工创新之间具有完全中介作用,分别在结构维度、关系维度社会资本和员工创新行为之间具有部分中介作用;知识共享分别在结构维度、认知维度社会资本和员工创新行为之间具有完全中介作用,在关系维度社会资本和员工创新行为之间具有部分中介作用。此外,创新动机对员工创新行为影响的主效应显著,但对知识共享、信任与员工创新行为之间的调节效应不显著。     

A new family-community social structure

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether a new family-community social structure of accumulation (FSSA) has emerged in the Unites States to contribute to long-wave growth and development through the early decades of the 21st century. Institutions that promote system-functions or public goods are required for sustainable growth and development. Three dimensions of the potential FSSA institutions are examined in this paper, within the context of the systemic circuit of social capital: (a) stability within families, (b) trust and association in the community, and (c) the degree of relative equality. Overall, the findings are that a new FSSA does not currently operate in the US because the emerging family type is not promoting sufficient stability, trust has diminished to low levels, and structural inequality has continued to rise. These factors have negatively impacted long-term economic performance through several transmission mechanisms, which are analyzed in the paper.