教育扩张能改善收入分配差距吗?——来自CHNS2006年数据的证据

运用中国健康与营养调查（CHNS）2006年的数据,这篇论文旨在探讨教育如何影响中国转型期劳动者的收入。从回归结果看,我们发现教育水平只解释了个人收入以及不同群体间收入差距的较小部分。运用分位回归的方法,发现低收入阶层的教育收益率可能更低或不显著,这不利于缩小收入差距和缓解贫困。对于教育而言,不同教育水平的收益率变化比教育水平本身的变化对收入分配有更大的影响,与教育水平相关的劳动时间、就业单位也对收入产生较大的影响。论文的政策含义在于单纯教育扩张并不必然缩小收入差距,要使教育的收益率真正反映生产率的差异,需要改善劳动力市场的扭曲状况、缩小不同部门的工资差异。     

人力资本视角下缩小城乡发展差距的途径新探

从人力资本的视角来审视我国城乡发展的差距,可以得出城乡发展差距的形成及拉大主要是城乡人力资本投资过程中的“城市偏向”和城乡人力资本不同的“溢出效应”的必然结果。缩小城乡发展差距,要以科学发展观为指导,树立正确的发展理念;以农民教育农民学习为基础,保证人力资本投资起点公平;以农民实用技能培训为突破,促进剩余劳动力顺利转移;以医疗保健社会保障为重点,提高农民抵御风险的能力;以农民迁徙农民回流为途径,促进城乡人力资本合理流动。     

论基于人力资本溢出视角下的城乡收入差距问题

改革开放以来,伴随着国民经济的快速发展,城乡收入差距日益拉大。这个问题已经影响到国民经济的健康发展与社会的和谐稳定。通过对城乡收入差距的影响因素分析可以发现：人力资本溢出因素对城乡收入差距拉大有显著影响。为此,政府需要加大对农村的人力资本投资,形成城乡之间人力资本的合理流动,促进经济的健康发展,从而有效缩小城乡之间的收入差距。     

数字经济对城乡居民收入差距的影响及其作用机制

基于2013—2019年省级面板数据,采用面板模型实证检验数字经济对我国城乡居民收入差距的影响及其作用机制。结果表明：数字经济发展能够显著缩小我国城乡居民收入差距。异质性研究发现,现阶段产业数字化缩减城乡居民收入差距的效应强于数字产业化,数字经济缩减城乡居民收入差距的效应在城乡居民收入差距较大的地区表现得更为明显,在四大区域中呈现“东北>西部>中部>东部”的态势。机制研究表明,人力资本提升效应、要素市场化优化配置效应是数字经济、数字产业化和产业数字化缩小城乡居民收入差距的重要渠道。进一步研究发现,数字经济、数字产业化和产业数字化对城乡居民收入差距的影响均存在门槛效应。为此,各省份应实施阶段性、差异化的促进数字产业化和产业数字化发展的战略;加大农村人力资本投入,提升农村居民数字素养和技能水平;激活数据要素潜能,提高城乡要素资源市场化配置质量,逐步缩小城乡居民收入差距。     

农村居民收入差距及其对人力资本投资的影响

改革开放以来，我国农村居民收入差距不断拉大，以致深远地影响到农村居民对教育和健康的投资，从而产生人力资本差距，而这一差距又反过来造成了收入差距的进一步扩大。笔者认为，政府必须在改善农村教育和医疗保障体制上有所作为，以缩小人力资本差距，最后达到缩小农村居民收入差距的目的。     

中国服务业FDI人力资本效应及其影响因素分析

自回归模型分析表明,中国服务业FDI虽有显著的即期和长期人力资本形成效应,但力度极其微弱;中国服务业人力资本的自身积累更为重要;随着内外资人力资本差距的缩小和对外开放的深化,服务业FDI人力资本形成效应逐渐减弱。因此,中国更应关注教育、培训等人力资本自身积累机制的建设和完善。     

FDI、产业结构升级对我国城乡居民收入差距的影响:基于省际面板数据分析

为了研究FDI、产业结构升级对我国城乡居民收入差距的影响,文章使用泰尔指数测量城乡居民收入差距,基于2002~2014年我国30个省际面板数据,运用系统GMM模型对面板数据进行回归分析。结果显示:FDI、产业结构升级都分别缩小了我国城乡居民收入差距,但是FDI通过促进产业结构升级,间接地扩大了城乡居民收入差距。同时,人力资本、外贸依存度、城镇化率、政府干预能力和基础设施水平有利于缩小城乡居民收入差距,但是经济发展水平又进一步扩大了城乡居民收入差距。     

FDI、产业结构升级对我国城乡居民收入差距的影响:基于省际面板数据分析北大核心CSSCISSCI

为了研究FDI、产业结构升级对我国城乡居民收入差距的影响,文章使用泰尔指数测量城乡居民收入差距,基于2002~2014年我国30个省际面板数据,运用系统GMM模型对面板数据进行回归分析。结果显示:FDI、产业结构升级都分别缩小了我国城乡居民收入差距,但是FDI通过促进产业结构升级,间接地扩大了城乡居民收入差距。同时,人力资本、外贸依存度、城镇化率、政府干预能力和基础设施水平有利于缩小城乡居民收入差距,但是经济发展水平又进一步扩大了城乡居民收入差距。     

山东省人力资本投资与城乡收入差距实证分析

本文在对山东省城乡居民人力资本投资核算的基础上,采用协整检验和误差修正模型,实证分析了山东省城乡收入差距与要素投入的关系。结果表明,1980—2006年城乡劳动力投入差距和人力资本投资差距对山东省城乡收入差距的作用要远大于城乡物质资本投资差距。以政府为主导,提高农村普通劳动者的基本素质,加强农村人力资本投资,是当前缩小山东省城乡收入差距、实现城乡经济协调发展的有效途径。     

人力资本、劳动收入份额与共同富裕

共同富裕目标的核心是增加居民收入和缩小居民收入差距,人力资本水平的提升能增加劳动者的收入。劳动收入份额作为收入分配的一项重要指标,有利于改善初次分配不平等,缩小收入差距,进而促进共同富裕目标的实现。利用2011—2021年中国30个省份的数据,运用固定效应、中介效应模型,实证分析人力资本对共同富裕的影响以及劳动收入份额在两者之间发挥的作用。研究发现,人力资本水平的提升能够促进共同富裕,且该结论在进行一系列稳健性检验后仍然成立;中介效应分析表明,劳动收入份额在人力资本对共同富裕的影响之间起到中介的作用;异质性分析表明,在东部和经济规模大的地区,人力资本对共同富裕的促进作用更为明显。     

The determinants of rural and urban household poverty in the North West province of South Africa

Based on standard poverty measures, the extent of poverty in the North West province is on average worse than in South Africa. For instance, the poverty gap ratio for North West is twice that of the South African average, and the FGT index is three times as high. This article therefore aims to identify the determinants of rural and urban poverty in the North West province of South Africa. Using data gathered from a survey of 593 black households across the province, probit model estimates suggest that the major significant determinants of household poverty in both rural and urban areas are education and household size. A difference between rural and urban poverty is, first, that extra female adults in a rural household raise the probability of poverty. Secondly, having a migrant (out) worker as head of the household in rural areas lowers the probability of poverty, while this does not apply to urban households. A sensitivity analysis for the robustness of the results over a range of poverty lines reveals that the impact of education is much stronger for poorer households than for more wealthy households.     

教育扩张能否改善收入差距？——基于2014年云南省流动人口动态监测调查数据的分析

教育作为人力资本形成的主要因素直接影响个体收入,但对欠发达地区流动人口收入差距的影响鲜有研究。基于2014年云南省流动人口动态监测调查数据,采用工具变量法纠正内生性估计偏误后,分位数回归结果显示,教育收益率显著为正,但随着收入水平条件分位点的提高,教育收益率呈现“U型”变化。即尽管教育扩张能够提升收入整体水平,并不能有效改善收入差距,最终将导致“均值高、方差大”的“二元分配格局”。这意味着仅仅依靠增加教育经费实现的教育扩张并不能有效改善流动人口的收入差距,而应谋求由注重速度和规模的外延式扩张向注重质量和差别对待的内涵式扩张转变。     

Do International Remittances Affect Poverty in Africa?*

Abstract: International remittances flowing into developing countries are attracting increasing attention because of their rising volume and their impact on recipient countries. This paper uses a panel data set on poverty and international remittances for African countries to examine the impact of international remittances on poverty reduction in 33 African countries over the period 1990–2005. We find that international remittances—defined as the share of remittances in country GDP—reduce the level, depth, and severity of poverty in Africa. But the size of the poverty reduction depends on how poverty is being measured. After instrumenting for the possible endogeneity of international remittances, we find that a 10 percent increase in official international remittances as a share of GDP leads to a 2.9 percent decline in the poverty headcount or the share of people living in poverty. Also, the more sensitive poverty measures—the poverty gap (poverty depth) and squared poverty gap (poverty severity)—suggest that international remittances will have a similar impact on poverty reduction. The point estimates for the poverty gap and squared poverty gap suggest that a 10 percent increase in the share of international remittances will lead to a 2.9 percent and 2.8 percent decline, respectively, in the depth and severity of poverty in African countries. Regardless of the measure of poverty used as the dependent variable, income inequality (Gini index) has a positive and significant coefficient, indicating that greater inequality is associated with higher poverty in African countries, much in conformity with the literature. Similar results were obtained for trade openness. In the same vein, per capita income has a negative and significant effect on each measure of poverty used in the study. Our results also show that inflation rates positively and significantly affect poverty incidence, depth and severity in Africa. In all three poverty measures, the dummy variable for sub‐Saharan Africa is strongly positive, and strongly negative for North Africa. The policy implications of these results are discussed.     

Financial permeation and rural poverty reduction Nexus: Further insights from counties in China

We investigate how financial permeation affects rural poverty reduction by matching representative county household data with the local banking market, FinTech development, and county characteristics data from China. We discover that financial permeation via bank branch expansion boosts household income and mitigates household vulnerability to poverty, and these effects are magnified on lower-income and more vulnerable households, especially in impoverished counties. Further considering the potential substitution effect of FinTech, we verify that enhancing financial permeation via bank branch expansion still matters to rural poverty reduction even in the digital era. Exploring the channels, we find that financial permeation accelerates rural poverty reduction directly through improving financial utilization and motivating investment activities and indirectly through spurring local economic growth. Notably, the more pronounced marginal effects of the channels on households in impoverished counties, to some extent, explain the poverty reduction effect of financial permeation. The results imply the necessity of financial permeation via bank branch expansion for the realization of shared prosperity.     

Food Price Crisis,Poverty, and Inequality

This paper simulates how a doubling of food prices affects absolute poverty and the food‐price‐adjusted real income distribution. We assume unsubsidized world food prices in order to derive the cost of poverty deepening and poverty expansion. We also estimate the degree to which inequality increases if no measures are put in place to offset rising food prices. Both measures are vulnerability indicators useful for social policy planning. Our results show that low‐income countries experience dramatic increases in absolute poverty as a result of doubling food prices. Middle‐income countries experience the greatest decrease in absolute income, which contributes most to an increase in world income inequality. The paper estimates that the global dollar value of the absolute poverty gap ($1.25/day) has the potential to increase by 400%, with poverty deepening accounting for two thirds of the increase.     

中国的区域结构对可持续发展的影响

中国的三大区域结构已经很不合理,地区经济差距日益扩大,地区社会差距也呈扩大趋势.不合理的区域结构对可持续发展带来了不利的影响,生态环境破坏严重,地区贫困的恶性循环也长期得不到解决,区域社会发展受到了阻碍.我国区域结构可持续发展的对策:加大转移支付力度;制定合理的资源开发政策和法规;制定合理的产业政策;加快教、科、文、卫和保障事业的发展;实施有力措施,推动贫困地区发展.     

乡村振兴背景下扶贫小额信贷减贫效应研究

根据收集的400份问卷的数据建立PSM-DID模型来探究扶贫小额信贷政策的减贫效应.研究结果表明,扶贫小额信贷政策有一定的减贫效应,并且得出家庭人均年收入与户主年龄和户主受教育程度成正相关关系,与家庭人口数成负相关关系的结论.     

经济增长与收入分布对新疆城市居民贫困变动的影响

本文采用相对贫困线方法研究新疆城市居民2000年与2003年的贫困变化程度,利用FGT(Foster-Greer-Thorbecke)贫困指数分析了新疆城市居民的贫困率、贫困差距、贫困深度的变化,通过贫困指数FGT变化的分解分析,说明经济增长提高可支配收入有助于减少贫困,收入分布差距的减少也是减少贫困程度的重要因素之一。     

减少农村贫困,缩小贫富差距

社会和谐是中国特色社会主义的本质属性。农村贫困人口的存在,既遏制了贫困地区经济社会的发展,也拉大了贫富差距和城乡差距,对构建和谐社会是一个极大的障碍。现阶段,我国农村贫困出现了一些新的特征。根据新情况,反贫困措施主要有:一是通过教育和培训,提高贫困人口的质量、增强他们自我发展的能力;二是实现开发式扶贫和救助式扶贫并重;三充分发挥经济政策对消除贫困的作用;四是改变国家扶贫资金的瞄准机制,改革扶贫资金管理体制。     

A note on poverty and gender in Spain

This article focuses on the gender distribution of poverty in Spain. Our basic objective is determining if poverty is equally shared between men and women. The source of the data is the Encuesta Básica de Presupuestos Familiares 1990–1991. Having analyzed three poverty rates—the head count ratio, the income gap ratio and the normalized income gap ratio, with three poverty lines (25%, 40%, and 50% of the mean) and two income variables (OECD equivalent household income and per capita household income)—it cannot be said that the women are “over-represented” amongst the poor in Spain in 1991.