我国农产品流通政策的回顾与评论

本文对中共十七届三中全会以来我国农产品流通政策进行了系统回顾,概述了其主要内容,分析了2011年我国农产品流通政策的新特点,探讨了当前农产品流通政策的主要问题,提出了完善农产品流通政策的方向:加强农产品市场或流通体系建设的政策支持,优先支持网络、机制和能力建设;优化农产品市场布局,突出支持中央批发市场和骨干零售商作为供应链核心企业发挥作用;出台系统性支持政策,促进多元化市场主体的成长发育。     

山西特色农产品流通渠道影响因素分析及运行水平评价

以山西特色农产品的流通渠道为研究对象,对山西特色农产品流通渠道的现状及农户消费者的基本情况进行统计性描述,并分析影响农户与消费者选择流通渠道的因素,采用层次分析法与模糊综合评价法对流通渠道的运行水平进行评价,发现山西特色农产品流通渠道运行水平一般,导致渠道运行水平较低的原因是品牌建设不足、流通主体水平较低以及物流、仓储等基础设施建设水平不高。同时借鉴国外先进的农产品流通渠道经验,提出山西特色农产品应注重品牌建设、培育与升级渠道上游主体、加强信息与仓储物流基础设施建设并且推广现代新型交易方式等建议。     

关于农产品流通和追溯系统的思考

通过对农产品流通市场现状、存在问题及原因的分析,探讨了农产品流通的规范化与安全性之间的关系,论述了农业合作经济在农产品市场流通中的主渠道作用,提出了构建农产品追溯系统建立的模式.     

区域农产品流通状况研究

我国农产品流通领域存在诸多弊端,从对农产品批发和零售市场的调查看,农户组织化程度低、农产品流通基础设施落后、农产品流通信息化建设落后、农产品质量安全检测体系缺失是农产品流通领域存在的主要问题。因此,应采取有效措施,加强农产品流通体系建设。     

电子商务环境下辽宁省农产品物流发展对策研究

2015年中央一号文件提出创新农产品流通方式,加快全国农产品市场体系转型升级,着力加强设施建设和配套服务,健全交易制度;完善全国农产品流通骨干网络,加大重要农产品仓储物流设施建设力度;支持电商、物流、商贸等企业参与涉农电子商务平台建设等.本文针对我省农产品物流现状提出以城镇为基础建立农产品电商物流产业园,整合物流资源和实行产业化生产的策略.     

农产品直采创新模式研究

近些年,随着居民生活水平的提高及食品安全意识的增强,对于农产品的流通环节提出了更高的要求。品质与价格成为农产品需求的市场关注重点。传统农产品流通模式已在上述关注焦点中逐渐体现出流通环节过长、价格虚高、产品品质及安全无法保障与追溯等问题。农产品直采创新模式研究涉及基地建设、直采品类、瓶颈及解决方案等,有利于解决农产品传统流通领域的弊端,有利于农产品生产及消费市场健康发展。     

山西优势农产品市场和生态竞争力研究

本文就山西农产品是否具有和具有哪些国内和国际市场的竞争力,其优势何在,山西农产品在发展和竞争中存在什么主要问题进行了研究,并提出了提高山西农产品市场和生态竞争力的四方面的思路和对策。     

我国农产品市场体系的现状

农业结构调整能否增加农民收入，关键要看农产品能否顺利实现销售，农产品的销售则依赖于流通市场体系的建设和完善。加快农产品流通市场体系的建设，对引导农业生产结构调整、增加农民收入必将起到十分积极的作用，这也是发展农业和农村经济的必由之路。     

我国农产品现代流通服务体系的构建及公共政策建议

该文分析了我国现行农产品流通服务体系的现状和特点,针对其存在的实际问题和理论研究不足,提出了我国农产品现代流通服务体系的构建框架,并从公共政策的视角提出了包括理顺农产品流通管理体制、完善基础设施、创新农产品流通服务模式、构建社会化的流通服务体系、健全法律法规等内容的完善我国农产品现代流通服务体系建设的公共政策建议。     

山西农产品与期货市场的分析

农产品价格波动对农业有较大的影响,在期货市场上,通过向其他风险投资者转移风险,从而最大程度上规避价格波动带来的生产产量的不稳定实现价格的稳定。文章通过分析山西农产品现状和期货市场的优势,和山西农产品与期货市场之间的问题,提出解决山西农产品市场与期货市场矛盾的对策。     

混凝土生产和施工过程的质量控制

混凝土的生产和施工在当今的社会建设中无处不在,其生产和施工的质量直接关乎建筑的质量,因此,对混凝土的生产施工过程进行有效的质量的监控便显得尤为重要.混凝土在生产和施工过程中,其质量受多种因素的影响,本文对影响混凝土质量的几个主要因素进行了分析,并就如何对混凝土质量进行有效控制进行了阐述.     

混凝土生产和施工过程的质量控制

混凝土的生产和施工在当今的社会建设中无处不在,其生产和施工的质量直接关乎建筑的质量,因此,对混凝土的生产施工过程进行有效的质量的监控便显得尤为重要。混凝土在生产和施工过程中,其质量受多种因素的影响,本文对影响混凝土质量的几个主要因素进行了分析,并就如何对混凝土质量进行有效控制进行了阐述。     

企业诚信与商业伦理的构建探析

诚信是社会的根本,也是商业伦理的核心。诚信伦理是商业社会经济有序运行的核心价值,商业社会的健康有序发展需要诚信伦理的支撑。本文分析了诚信与商业伦理缺失的表现,辨正地阐述了诚信与商业伦理和市场经济的关系,探讨了缺乏诚信商业伦理给企业和市场带来的危害。并从建立社会信用体系、制度保障、商事活动主体自律、诚信与伦理道德教育、政府表率、舆论监督等方面提出了构建市场经济条件下诚信和商业伦理的途径。     

北黄海沿岸湿地景观与生态经济分区

辽东半岛东侧的北黄海沿岸湿地,类型多,结构复杂,在我国海岸湿地资源中占有一定地位。湿地景观的形成和变化也很有特点。沿岸自然条件的差异控制着湿地景观的特征和分布,并促成了湿地景观的保护和开发要分区进行的要求。     

人与自然的和谐:和谐社会建设的基础

构建社会主义和谐社会是我们党在新的历史条件下提出的社会发展目标.和谐社会的内在要求是人与人、人与社会、人与自然、人自身内在的和谐,其中人与自然的和谐是构建社会主义和谐社会的前提和基础,没有人与自然和谐,和谐社会难以构建.因此人类必须要大力保护自然环境,保持生态平衡,为构建社会主义和谐社会创造良好的生态环境条件.     

论河北省农业和农村产业结构的调整与优化

我国加入WTO后，农产品市场逐步开放，农业发展将面临更加激烈的竞争，农业中的矛盾与城乡居民收入、消费、就业结构变动结合在一起，已成为制约新阶段农业和农村经济发展的主要问题。本通过对河北省农业和农村产业结构存在问题及产业结构调整面监障碍的分析，提出了新阶段河北省农业和农村产业结构高速的思路与措施。     

试论我国政府采购的市场建设与制约机制

由于我国推行政府采购工作起步晚，缺乏实际经验，所以在具体的操作中出现了许多亟待解决的问题。因此，为了使政府采购制度更好地发挥作用，我们必须为其营造一个健全、完善的市场环境，同时，为了进一步规范和制约采购行为，也必须建立健全相应的监督机制和法规体系等配套制度。     

美国区域产业调节法律制度构建与启示

文章对美国区域产业调节法律制度的历史变迁及主要内容进行了考察,分析了美国构建区域产业调节法律制度以促进区域经济协调的主要措施与成功经验。通过历史分析、规范分析等方法,研究了美国通过设立综合性区域产业调节机构,创立促进西部地区产业结构升级机制,建立倾斜支持区域农业发展机制,健全区域产业调节工具协调机制以构建区域产业调节法律制度,规范政府区域产业调节行为,促进市场机制和政府调节机制协同运作的基本做法。研究表明,美国的相关成功经验对我国区域产业调节法律制度合理处理市场调节与政府调节机制之间的关系,建立综合性的区域调节机构,明确区域产业调节作用的重点,建立完整的区域产业调节制度体系等方面具有重要的启示与借鉴作用。     

Information And Communication Technology And The Measurement Of Volume Output And Final Demand - A Five-Country Study

Information and communication technology (ICT) products have undergone rapid technical change. Where quality improvements occur, they should be reflected in official price and quantity indices, otherwise there is a tendency to over-estimate price movements and under-estimate volume changes of ICT products. Statistical offices deal with this issue but the degree and nature of quality-adjustment of price indices of ICT products varies considerably between OECD countries. The present study simulates measurement effects on key economic variables (real output, private final consumption, government expenditure, investment, exports and imports) and productivity, under the assumption that the price indices of ICT products are fully quality-adjusted. The paper draws on a large selection of empirical studies to identify differences between quality-adjusted and unadjusted price changes and uses detailed information from input-output tables to assess their weights in final demand. Effects on GDP and its components are quantified for five selected OECD countries.     

Computers And Growth

The purpose of this paper is to describe the impact of investment in computers on the growth of the U.S. economy. The economic literature on computers is relatively rich in information on the decline in computer prices and the growth of computer investment. Constant quality price indices for computers have been included in the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) since 1986. These indices employ state of the art methodology to capture the rapid evolution of computer technology.

While the annual inflation rate for overall investment has been 3.66 percent for the period 1958 to 1992, computer prices have declined by 19.13 percent per year! Similarly, overall investment grew at 3.82 percent, while investment in computers increased at an astounding 44.34 percent! These familiar facts describe growth in the output of computers. The objective of this paper is to complete the picture by analyzing the growth of computer services as inputs.

In a pioneering paper Bresnahan (1986) has focused on pecuniary externalities arising from the rapid decline in computer prices. Griliches (1992, 1994) has emphasized the distinction between pecuniary and nonpecuniary externalities in the impact of computer investment on growth. This paper is limited to pecuniary externalities or the impact of reductions in computer prices on the substitution of computer services for other inputs. As Griliches (1992) points out, this is an essential first step in identifying nonpecuniary externalities or ‘spill-overs’ through the impact of a decline in computer prices on productivity growth. ^{* *}Brynjolfsson (1993) has proveded a detailed survey of studies of nonpecuniary externalities or ‘spill overs’. Recent studies include those of Brynjolfsson and Hitt (1994a, 1994b) and Lichtenberg (1993).

In two important papers Stephen D. Oliner (1993, 1994) has introduced a model of computer technology that greatly facilitates the measurement of computer services as inputs. In this paper we estimate computer stocks and flows of computer services for all forms of computer investment included in NIPA. We construct estimates of computer services parallel to NIPA data on computer investment by combining these data with information on computer inventories. For example, the International Data Corporation (IDC) Census of Computer Processors includes an annual inventory of processors in the U.S.

In Section 1 we present data on investment in computers and constant quality price indices from NIPA. These data incorporate important innovations in modeling computer technology stemming from a joint study by IBM and the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) completed in 1985. This study utilized a ‘hedonic’ methodology for constructing an econometric model of computer prices that accurately reflects rapid changes in computer technology. This methodology generates an index of computer prices that holds the quality of computers constant.

In Section 2 we present the model of computer services originated by Oliner (1993,1994). This differs in important respects from the model of capital services used in the previous studies of U.S. economic growth surveyed by Jorgenson (1989,1990). The model employed in previous studies is based on the decline in productive capacity with the chronological age of a capital good. Oliner assumes that computers maintain their productive capacity until they are retired. Decline in productive capacity occurs only through removal of used computers from the inventory through retirement.

In Section 3 we construct estimates of stocks of computers that incorporate IDC data on computer inventories and derive the implied flow of computer services. While output of computer investments has grown very rapidly, the input of computer services has grown even faster. The price of these services has declined at 23.22 percent per year over the period 1958 to 1992, while the input of these services has grown at 52.82 percent! This is prima facie evidence of an important role for computer price declines as a source of pecuniary externalities.

In Section 4 we combine computer services with the services of other types of capital to produce a measure of capital input into the U.S. economy. We link this with labor input to obtain the contributions of both inputs to U.S. economic growth, arriving at the growth of productivity as a residual. We find that the contribution of computer services to input into the U.S. economy is far more important than the contribution of computer investments to output. This is a significant step toward resolution of the Solow paradox: ‘We see computers everywhere except in the productivity statistics. ^{* *}Robert M. Solow, quoted by Brynjolfsson (1993). Declines in computer prices generate very sizable pecuniary externalities through the substitution of computer services for other inputs. By contrast Solow focuses on nonpecuniary externalities that would appear as productivity growth.

In Section 5 we conclude that information on inventories of computers is critical in quantifying the role of computer services as inputs. The constant quality price indices for computers incorporated into NIPA are also essential. A price index for computers that reflects only general trends in inflation would result in a highly distorted perspective on the growth of GDP and capital services, especially during the past decade. To capture the contribution of all forms of investment to U.S. economic growth, similar price indices should be included in NIPA for capital goods with rapidly evolving technologies, as proposed by Gordon (1990).

The long term goal should be a unified system of income. product, and wealth accounts, like that proposed by Laurits Christensen and Jorgenson (1973) and Jorgenson (1980). This incorporates capital stocks, capital services, and their prices. Achieving this goal will necessitate much greater elaboration of the accounting system described in Section 3. These accounts would incorporate data on prices and quantities of investment, stocks of assets, and capital services for all forms of capital employed in the U.S. economy.