Development prospects for the heating supply in Russia

The main factors that influence the consumption of heat energy in the centralized heating supply systems in the long term are discussed in this article. Consumption of heat energy by the population for space heating and hot water will be the most significant component of the demand. The possible extents of heat consumption and heat saving in the buildings of cities are estimated on the basis of an analysis of the advanced development of housing construction and the quality of dwelling units. It is shown that it is necessary to increase the annual creation of new pipeline networks to decrease accidents and heat losses. Several scenarios for the development of centralized heat supply systems within the limits of the long-term forecast of the FEC (Fuel and Energy Complex) development of the country until 2030 are discussed. It is shown that major changes in the structure of heat production can occur as limits increase for carbon dioxide emissions in centralized heat supply systems.     

Problems of residential heat supply in Russia

The paper analyzes the residential heat supply in the country in 2000–2009. Russia’s transition to a market economy has caused a negative heat supply of households receiving heat from district heating (DH) systems, which significantly reduces the population’s living standard. The regional DH systems built under the planned economy do not meet the conditions of today’s realities and must undergo substantial organizational, technical, and technological reorganization for the benefit of the main consumers of heat energy, i.e., the population and social area. Measures for heat supply reorganization are suggested.     

Forecasting the Dynamics of the Depletion of Conventional Energy Resources

The paper presents the results of forecasting the dynamics of the depletion of conventional energy resources, including hydrocarbons (coal, oil, natural gas) and natural uranium, which currently form the mainstay of the energy supply of the economy. A balance model developed by the authors shows the dynamics of the growing shortage of exhaustible conventional energy resources after 2040 at various energy-consumption rates. For the time being, it is unclear which nonconventional primary energy sources are able to supply advanced commercially acceptable fast-growing energy systems (including capital investment) in order to equalize the rapidly growing primary energy shortages expected in the 1940s. The most advanced energy technology with almost unlimited resources that has reached the near-commercial stage of development can be nuclear fuel breeding.     

Solar (photovoltaic) systems,energy use and business activities in Maphephethe,KwaZulu‐Natal

Literature suggests that energy is both a prerequisite for and essential to development (both social and economic). In order to establish the ability of an alternative energy source —photovoltaic systems ‐ to meet daily requirements, an investigation into current energy usage, expenditure patterns and business applications was conducted. Maphephethe, an area north of Durban in KwaZulu‐Natal, was selected for a formal survey, with locally based, trained interviewers interviewing 200 households and businesses. The findings indicated that income levels were slightly above national (rural) norms but displayed a wide variability. Eleven energy sources were used, including candles for illumination, car batteries for television sets, dry batteries for radios and wood for cooking. Paraffin and gas were used for refrigeration. The general attitude towards solar home systems was favourable but the interviewees perceived grid electricity as being better. There did not appear to be any difference between those households that had solar home systems and those that did not. Expenditure saved on traditional energy sources matched that spent on solar syst‐ems. Business energy‐related potential was present but not developed     

The Assessment: European Networks--Competition, Interconnection, and Regulation

Recent events, such as the California energy crisis, the failuresof the UK's railways, and the consequences of the third-generation(3G) mobile licence auctions, have called into question theEuropean reliance on a strategy of network industry liberalization.Substantial concentration in energy and telecoms markets hasalso raised the issue of the consistency of competition policywith the creation of internal energy and communications markets.The paper considers the multiple market failures in these industries,and the problems raised by a series of national policy approacheswhich fail fully to reflect the economies of scale and scopeand the European-level public goods. Security of supply in energy,the roll-out of broadband, and the gains for an overarchingapproach to climate change require a more European focus. Thisin turn will require institutional reform at the European level.Failure to address this Europe-wide agenda will leave Europebehind the USA.     

On the modernization of engineering systems in the farming industries of Russia,Belarus, and Kazakhstan

This paper provides an analysis of the state of the engineering systems of farming industry in Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan. Based on this analysis and the results of the survey findings, measures to use resource-saving and innovative potential in the engineering supply and support of the rural economy are suggested and the feasibility of the program of modernizing engineering systems has been demonstrated.     

Maphephethe rural electrification (photovoltaic) programme: The constraints on the adoption of solar home systems

It has been recognised that off-grid energy technologies are essential if the rural population of South Africa is to be provided with basic electrical supply. This article documents the development process followed during a pilot programme aiming to investigate the introduction of solar (photovoltaic) systems as an alternative means of rural electrification. The community of Maphephethe in KwaZulu-Natal was targeted for the project. This article seeks to share the experiences, both positive and negative, that have been gained since the project commenced in 1996. A model for technology transfer and local capacity-building is proposed and certain issues are highlighted, including the slow dissemination of solar systems and the difficulties of financing in a poor rural community.     

跨行业能源交易视角下的我国能源优化配置研究

我国经济社会面临着日益严峻的能源短缺问题,受能源供给瓶颈的限制,在不增加能源供给总量的基础上,提高能源的利用效率优化能源的配置无疑有着重大的现实意义。文章从创新能源配置制度的视角,首次构建了跨行业能源交易的体系,从能源定额、能源配额和能源交易市场等方面阐述了其运行机制,并以高耗能企业和低耗能企业两部门模型为例,对跨行业能源市场交易的路径进行了探析。     

山东省海洋可再生能源产业发展现状与对策研究

在全球能源供需格局变化和国内经济发展新常态背景下,海洋可再生能源的产业化应用作为新动能,将带来新产业、培育新技术,找到新的经济增长点。山东省发展海洋可再生能源产业具备顶层设计优势、技术基础优势、人才优势,但仍在存在产业发展环境不优越、自主创新能力不足、基础服务业欠发达等亟待突破的问题。结合优势和问题，从细化顶层设计、强化要素集聚、建立支撑与服务保障体系等方面提出了对策建议。     

Elasticity of Energy Demand and Challenges for China＇s Energy Industry

I. Introduction Since late 2002, China’s energy demand and resources have become one of the most prominent issues in international discussions of energy. In our earlier studies of China’s energy demand as relates to transportation and urbanization (Gates and Yin, 2002; Yin and Gates, 2002), we took more of a long-term view and raised the possibility that even if China’s economy continued to grow rather slowly, which was the prevailing perception at the time, there would still be strong d…     

我国常规能源的区域有效供给能力及其通道建设研究

以煤炭为代表的五大常规能源,在生产地与消费地之间进行有序运输,区域的供需属性需要有效的运输供给能力作为保障。文章在五类能源区域供需形势分析的基础上,对当前七大区域的能源运输有效供给能力进行研究,明确各区域能源的实际运输属性,否定了"产地即输出"的习惯认识,并进一步计算各区域的能源运输负荷值,以此作为区域特色能源运输通道发展的有力依据,即在特定能源的高负荷运输区域,加强对应运输通道的建设力度和发展规模。     

对我国能源安全战略问题的思考

能源安全是能源供应安全和能源使用安全的有机统一,能源安全的重要性已得到国际社会普遍认可。随着中国经济飞速发展带来的巨大的能源需求,国内能源供应将面临潜在的总量短缺,尤其是石油、天然气供应将面临结构性短缺,能源使用与环境保护之间的矛盾呈恶化趋势。我国应从海外开拓、国家石油战略储备、节能降耗、能源结构转换与新能源开发利用等战略方面采取有效对策,保证充足的能源供应,构筑可持续发展的社会。     

Farming for energy: social options under Brazil's National Alcohol Programme

The first 5 years of the Brazilian National Alcohol Programme are assessed in terms of their stated social objectives of reducing regional inequalities and rural-urban income disparities, and expanding employment opportunities. The effects of energy production systems based on the two principal competing energy feedstocks, sugar cane and cassava, are compared in terms of these objectives, as well as their impact on land distribution, food supply, migration and environment. Greater use of cassava is clearly indicated from a social standpoint, but initial policies, influenced by institutional interests, have favoured sugar cane. Possible strategies for enhancing the Programme's social development potential are suggested.     

Fuel,food or forest? Dilemmas in a Nepali village

Field data from a village Panchayat in the East Nepal Hill Region demonstrate that deforestation is caused not so much by fuelwood demand as by the need to clear forest areas for food supply. The method of analysis uses questionnaire survey, participant observation and direct measurements in a micro set-up to assess the demand, as well as the supply systems of food and fuel, and to analyse the impact on deforestation. Policy implications suggest that to control deforestation, food production and distribution practices need to be improved, existing forests need to be managed better to increase sustainable fuelwood supply, and the direct participation of local people is indispensable to implement desired improvements.     

State-of-the-art of Russia’s heat supply systems

The paper overviews the contemporary state of Russia’s heat supply systems and fuel consumption within its centralized part, the structure of heat consumption by economic sectors and types of industrial consumers. As shown, the centralized heat supply systems, providing the major part of country’s economy with low temperature heat, have heat losses and accident rate at a critical level. The state of decentralized heat supply systems of low rise buildings is not covered by national statistics at all. A second paper on the prospects and development of Russia’s heat supply systems will be published in a subsequent issue.     

中国货币供应量与能源价格的实证分析

以2005年1月至2011年12月的货币发行量和能源价格月度数据为样本,采用VAR模型和基于该模型的脉冲响应、方差分解、误差修正和格兰杰因果检验等实证方法分析二者之间的短期及长期均衡关系,结论表明:货币发行量(M2)和能源价格具有显著的长期协整关系;但短期内,与货币发行量对能源价格的影响程度相比,能源价格对货币发行量的影响程度较强,即在短期内货币发行量的变动没有显著地传导到能源价格变动上。     

第三次工业革命驱动下的能源供给模式

从第一次工业革命和第二次工业革命期间集中式能源供给模式到1978年后分布式能源系统的推广,能源供给正在发生从集中到分散的变化,随着＂第三次工业革命＂的到来,分散式能源供给模式雏形已现。这种供给模式将在政治、经济、社会、思想意识、环境等方面促使未来经济社会发生革命性的变革。     

400 kW氢燃料电池供电保障发电车结构与功能设计

为减少保电工作中传统柴油发电车的污染，设计含多种发储系统的氢燃料电池发电车系统结构，利用飞轮储能作为市电和氢燃料电池的过渡电源，采用电动底盘车电池作为氢燃料电池的备用启动电源，提高整车的可靠性与环保性；提出多个氢燃料电池模块均流调整策略及发电车多源协同运行控制策略，实现了发电车的功率提升与不间断输出。研究成果支撑研制了国内外首台400 kW氢燃料电池发电车，测试与应用结果表明了设计方法的正确性。     

China＇s Energy Strategy in the Twenty-first Century

I. Introduction As the biggest developing country, China’s energy consumption has increased substantially. China is now the second largest energy consumer in the world and its primary energy consumption accounts for 13.6 percent of the world total. In the global energy market, China seems to have an endless appetite for oil and gas. China depends on imports for more than 40 percent of its oil. According to an estimation by British Petroleum (BP, 2005), from 2000–2004, China’s oil consum…     

“光储直柔”技术应用于智慧园区规划的实践探索与展望

“光储直柔(PEDF)”是一种构建碳中和目标的新型建筑配电系统,是实现我国实现碳中和目标的重要技术方法。园区是实现双碳目标的主要阵地之一,探索“光储直柔”如何应用于智慧园区规划建设对实现园区的低碳智慧化发展具有重要意义。基于CiteSpace分析文献,研究“光储直柔”技术应用园区的研究前沿,了解该技术的研究热点和特征,并通过文献综述和案例实践整理“光储直柔”技术总结和研究方向,为分析“光储直柔”技术应用于智慧园区规划奠定理论和技术基础。以光谷之星智慧园区建设为代表性案例,介绍“光储直柔”技术应用在该智慧园区规划的实践技术和问题。最后,提出基于五大建成环境系统、全过程的智慧园区“光储直柔”技术应用框架图,指出“光储直柔”技术的能源应作为园区的补充能源,主要规划应用在移动能源消费场景、市政公用设施能源消费场景、配套公共建筑能源消费场景、产业建筑补充能源场景。“光储直柔”技术是实现产业园区低碳智慧发展的重要途径。未来可在全过程集成技术、智慧化控制技术、加大应用从建筑扩展到更宏观的层面、应结合“双碳”目标植入前期规划与设计等方面进行深化研究和探索。