Domestic Price Regulations and Trade Policy: Milk Marketing Orders in the United States

The United States maintains minor export subsidies and important import barriers for dairy products. Less transparent are the trade effects of milk marketing orders that provide for price discrimination by end-use and price pooling. This article illustrates how adjustments in the end-use price differential can compensate producers for losses when the price support is removed by stimulating exports and extracting added revenue from domestic buyers. The California system has smaller production incentives than the federal system. However, California does maintain explicit, if quantitatively trivial, export provisions in its marketing order.
Les États-Unis conservent de légères subventions à l'exportation et des barrières tarifaires importantes à l'importation des produits laitiers. Ce qui est mains transparent, ce sont les effets commerciaux des ordonnances de mise en marché du lait qui prévalent un régime de double prix selon la destination et un mécanisme de mise en commun des prix du lait. Nous montrons comment, en manipulant les différences de prix selon la destination finale, on peut dédommager les producteurs pour les penes qu'ils ont subies par suite du retrait du soutien des prix, en stimulant les exportations et en soutinant des recettes additionnelles des acheteurs sur le marché intérieur. Méme si le système adopté par la Californie off re de plus faibles incitatifs à la production que le système fédèral, il contient lui aussi des dispositions de soutien explicites, encore que quantitativement négligeables.     

Marketing margins and price transmission on the Hungarian beef market

There is a wealth of literature on farm-retail price spread for different commodities and countries. However, research on price transmission and marketing margins in the transition economies is still limited. The paper analyses two specific aspects of transition: the larger probability of asymmetric price transmission and structural changes in the case of Hungarian beef chain. The article identifies the date of structural break applying the Gregory and Hansen procedure with recursively estimated breakpoints and ADF statistics. Exogeneity tests reveal the causality runs from producer to retail prices. Homogeneity is rejected, suggesting a mark-up pricing strategy. Price transmission analysis suggests that, despite the common belief, price transmission on the Hungarian beef meat market is symmetric on both long and short run.     

Induced Innovation in United States Agriculture, 1880–1990: Time Series Tests and an Error Correction Model

An error correction model (ECM) of induced innovation, based on the two–stage CES production function allows direct tests of the inducement hypothesis, which are applied to U.S. data for 1880–1990. The time series properties of the variables include a structural break in 1920, cointegration is established and an ECM constructed, which allows factor substitution to be separated from technological change. Causality tests show that the factor–price ratios and R&D are Granger–prior to the factor–saving biases of technological change. The inducement hypothesis is corroborated, and identified as one factor in the complex development of U.S. agriculture.     

Interaction Effects among Labeled Attributes for Eggs in the United States

New labels for food products continue to be introduced in the United States. This paper estimates interaction effects among labeled attributes for eggs to investigate cases where affixing labels of “premium” attributes would indeed gain additional premiums in the U.S. market. A latent class analysis identified four consumer segments (Attribute Seekers, Price Checkers, Local Supporters, and Combination Responders). Several interaction effects were sufficiently large in magnitude to neutralize the main effects, but differently for each segment. While the combination of certified-organic with cage-free or local label yielded negative premiums in certain segments, the premium Attribute Seekers were willing to pay were considerable. Across all segments, preferences for locally produced products were robust singly or in combinations. Consideration of interaction effects and consumer segments are recommended for effective labeling strategies.     

A Growth Accounting Analysis of Cost Efficiency in Milk Production for Six Northern States in the United States

This paper reports on the use of a growth accounting approach to calculate and decompose cost efficiency indices into technical change, regional competitive advantage stemming from spatial effects, and economies of size. Dairy farm data for Connecticut, Maine, Vermont, Michigan, New York and Pennsylvania for the years 1968, 1970, 1977, 1980 and 1988 are utilized in the analysis. The results show that technological change yielded a 1.8% average annual rate of cost reduction over the period studied. In addition, medium and large farms were, on average, 12% to 20% more efficient than small farms. Pennsylvania had a distinct competitive advantage (13.8%), while Maine exhibited a clear competitive disadvantage (−18.2%) in producing milk relative to New York.     

食品安全规制的博弈分析

食品是人类生存的基本条件,而食品的质量安全性则是食品的必备特性。针对食品安全的规制问题,利用静态和动态博弈模型分析食品生产企业与政府规制机构之间的各种博弈结果,说明政府监管成本变化和寻租行为对政府声望的影响,以及政府的监管罚金对食品生产企业成本和食品生产企业声望的影响。     

美国矿业管理体制及税费政策研究

文章主要从美国的法律、土地和矿产归属等方面探讨了美国矿业管理机构的组成、职能等,对美国联邦和各州的矿产资源税费政策、税费征收情况等进行了较系统的归纳、总结和分析,并得出以下结论:美国的油气资源税费结构、水平等比较合理,值得借鉴,其暴利税征收的利弊对我国油气行业管理和税费征收有参考价值。     

中国沿海和内陆城市住房价格波动差异与动力因素

研究目的:研究中国城市住房价格短期波动的决定因素,分析均衡因素之外的房价变化自相关和均值回复特点。研究方法:面板误差修正模型。研究结果:沿海和内陆城市房价变化均有回复到均衡价值倾向,但沿海城市的房价变化具有显著自相关特点。研究结论:中国沿海和内陆城市房价波动特点存在明显差异,沿海城市收入高、人口密度大、建设成本增长快等因素促使了房价变化强自相关。     

不同外源物质调控对紫花槭生长的影响

本实验拟为解决紫花槭圃地育苗生长势弱、生长缓慢提供技术参考,通过利用赤霉素(GA3)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、腐殖酸液肥、尿素、磷酸二氢钾、氯化钾等外源物质,对圃地紫花槭幼苗进行生长调控,测定分析其对紫花槭各项生长指标的影响。实验结果:高浓度的赤霉素使紫花槭徒长,浓度为300ppm吲哚乙酸,6ml·L-1腐殖酸液肥,4g·L-1尿素和5g·L-1磷酸二氢钾对紫花槭各生长指标有不同的促进作用;氯化钾作用不明显且易对紫花槭叶产生药害。     

关于调控商品住宅价格着力点的研判

研究目的:研判中国商品住宅价格水平及其驱动力,提出下一步调控价格方向的政策建议。研究方法:提出研判商品住宅价格标准,以北京为例,借助房价收入比、控制购房还贷比的方法,研判商品住宅的价格水平及其主要驱动力,进而提出相应的调控着力点。研究结果:(1)北京商品住宅价格高于60%以上的居民户均住房消费水平;(2)商品住宅价格高位运行的驱动力主要来自房地产开发企业高额利润驱动、土地成本上升和投资(机)性需求增长。研究结论:中国商品住宅价格调控的下一步重点应当是稳定甚至降低土地成本、强化监控房地产开发企业的成本核算和利润所得、提高抑制投机性需求的针对性。     

Estimates of the Effects of Canadian Tariff on Fresh Peach Imports From the United States

A spatial equilibrium single period model of the Canadian-United States fresh peach trade was constructed to evaluate the effect of the Canadian tariff on United States fresh peach exports to Canada, Canadian production, consumption and prices. The model consisted of fifteen United States and two Canadian producing regions, thirty-five United States and six Canadian consuming cities. Using historical trade patterns some but not all United States producing regions were permitted to ship to Canada and there were no Canadian shipments to the United States. Comparisons of the nontariff with the tariff solution vectors of production, trade, consumption and prices indicated that the tariff had only marginal effects on Canadian fresh peach imports from the United States and that Canadian consumption quantities and prices were only moderately affected. Un modèle du marché aux pêches au Canada et aux Etats-Unis fut construit pendant une seule période afin d' évaluer les effets du tarif Canadien sur les exportations de pêches Américaines au Canada, la production Canadienne, la consommation et les prix au détail. Le, modèle fut composé de 15 régions de production Américaines et de deux régions Canadiennes, ainsi que 35 villes de consommation d' Amérique et six villes de Canada. En utilisant des données commerciales et historiques, quelquesunes, mais pas toutes les régions de production, avaient le droit d' exporter au Canada, et il n' y avait pas d' exportation aux Etats-Unis. Nous nous sommes servis de ce modèle pour comparer les importations Canadiennes en franchise, la production, la consommation et les prix résultants à d' autres prix où les tarifs s' appliquaient. Les résultats ont montré que le tarif Canadien affectait à peine les importations de pêches fraîches des Etats-Unis et que la consommation Canadienne et les niveaux de prix ne subissaient qu' une légère modification.     

Forest carbon benefits,costs and leakage effects of carbon reserve scenarios in the United States

This study evaluated the potential effectiveness of future carbon reserve scenarios, where U.S. forest landowners would hypothetically be paid to sequester carbon on their timberland and forego timber harvests for 100 years. Scenarios featured direct payments to landowners of $0 (baseline), $5, $10, or $15 per metric ton of additional forest carbon sequestered on the set aside lands, with maximum annual expenditures of $3 billion. Results indicated that from 1513 to 6837 Tg (Teragrams) of additional carbon (as carbon dioxide equivalent, CO₂e) would be sequestered on U.S. timberlands relative to the baseline case over the next 50 years (30–137 Tg CO₂e annually). These projected amounts of sequestered carbon on timberlands take into account projected increases in timber removal and forest carbon losses on other timberlands (carbon leakage effects). Net effectiveness of carbon reserve scenarios in terms of overall net gain in timberland carbon stocks from 2010 to 2060 ranged from 0.29 tCO₂e net carbon increase for a payment of $5/tCO₂e to the landowner (71% leakage), to 0.15 tCO₂e net carbon increase for a payment of $15/tCO₂e to the landowner (85% leakage). A policy or program to buy carbon credits from landowners would need to discount additions to the carbon reserve by the estimated amount of leakage. In the scenarios evaluated, the timber set-asides reduced timberland area available for harvest up to 35% and available timber inventory up to 55%, relative to the baseline scenario over the next 50 years, resulting in projected changes in timber prices, harvest levels, and forest product revenues for the forest products sector.     

森林资源型产业商品性生产的政府规制模式研究

森林资源型商品性生产包括商品林生产经营、林下种养殖业和采集业、森林旅游业,这类产业主要是以商品性经营为主,是市场机制作用相对较强、政府作用相对较弱的领域。但同时,由于其生产过程中是以森林资源为依托,且具有生产过程的外部性,因此,必须对其进行合理的规制。主要对森林资源型产业商品性生产政府规制的目标、主体、模式及其运行进行了探究。     

Towards an Integrated Marketing System of Agricultural Products in Developing Countries

The myriad of deficiencies that are responsible for derailing efforts of development in the developing countries has among its culprits, most of the marketing activities and institutions. The agricultural sector is the most important sector of development in developing countries; furthermore, it comprises the most catastrophic problems. A model is deemed necessary, one which offers the decislon makers in developing countries an opponuniv to find a solution to these identifiable problems. Such a model was proposed in this study to integrate the marketing system for their agricultural products. The model is conceptual in nature and is based on a system's approach; considerations were given to the following variables: current environments, domestic and international conditions, internal and external determinants, plans, macro and micro decisions, modifiers, spheres of activities, marketing mix, switches and ultimate output.     

The integration of water quality into transboundary allocation agreements Lessons from the southwestern United States

There is now a fairly substantial literature that addresses transboundary water allocation both at the international and interstate level. However, most of this literature deals almost exclusively with the question of allocation and ignores quality considerations. At the same time, there is a growing literature on transboundary pollution control and upstream/downstream externalities. What is missing is an attempt to integrate quality consideration into allocation agreements. This paper examines several allocation agreements and disputes in the southwestern United States and Mexico and looks at the ramifications of omitting pollution control and quality considerations in these negotiations.     

城市土地价格膨胀的影响

研究目的:近年来我国许多城市的土地价格已经很高且上涨速度很快,有的城市已经出现经济泡沫,危害了国民经济的发展。研究方法:联系实际进行理论分析。研究结果:城市地价上涨,加深了土地供给与需求之间的矛盾,影响社会和经济的发展。研究结论:土地价格持续、迅速的增加给经济带来的影响是巨大的,如不采取有力措施遏止土地价格上涨的趋势,势必会成为我国经济发展的一大障碍,国家有关部门及相关专家应密切关注这一问题的发展动向,及时出台相关合理的、科学的土地政策,消除隐患。     

膳食调节为导向下血糖调控食品开发研究

随着经济的快速发展,人们对于健康饮食的重视程度越来越高,不规律的饮食习惯对人们的身体健康造成了非常严重的影响,而糖尿病也成为了继心脑血管疾病、肿瘤之后的第三大慢性疾病.本文对膳食调节和糖尿病进行了系统分析和综述,介绍了血糖调控食品的研究进展,探讨了未来血糖调控食品的开发方向,以为膳食调节为导向下血糖调控食品开发提供参考...     

美国乡村旅游发展

美国乡村近一个世纪以来一直经历着急剧的变化,这在二战后尤其如此。全球化及美国经济重组使传统的乡村经济活动如农业,林业及煤矿业竞争力下降,乡村旅游就成为乡村经济复苏及经济多样化的一个重要且有效的手段。在参阅相关文献的基础上,概括和分析了美国乡村旅游发展的历程和原因,以及乡村旅游发展对社区的影响等,以期对中国乡村旅游的发展、管理和研究能起到一定的借鉴作用。