"新地区主义":东亚经济发展模式的新要素

危机提醒东亚经济体高度重视在金融市场发育、金融风险监管、金融机构素质等方面存在的严峻问题,充分表明本地区经济在关联密切、互动频繁的同时,迫切需要建立有效的地区合作机制,以保证危机来临时有能力把握时机,作出迅速、有效的反应。这个因素可以解释当全球经济环境变化导致的潜在改变已经发生,东亚何以在近年来兴起“新地区主义”,也可以解释东北亚经济体为何更注重“金融优先”。有必要强调的是东亚经济发展模式(EADM)的重要特征是政府的积极作为,而针对上述问题东亚经济体可以选择的解决方案恰恰涉及政府在金融发展领域的角色定位,…     

地方政府债务是否会影响银行系统性风险——基于土地财政、僵尸贷款及期限错配渠道

防范及化解银行系统性风险是守住不发生系统性风险底线的重中之重,也是实现中国经济高质量发展的重要保障。文章选取2011—2020年中国32家上市银行年度数据,构建面板回归模型对地方政府债务对银行系统性风险的影响及其作用机制进行了实证分析。研究表明：（1）地方政府债务对银行系统性风险具有促进作用。相对于非国有银行部门,地方政府债务对国有银行部门系统性风险的促进力度更大。（2）土地财政、僵尸贷款及期限错配在地方政府债务与银行系统性风险的关系中承担着多重中介作用,地方政府债务主要通过增大土地财政效应、提高银行僵尸贷款规模及加大银行期限错配渠道来促进银行系统性风险,“地方政府债务-土地财政/僵尸贷款/期限错配-银行系统性风险”的传导渠道均有效。（3）政府金融干预与财政纵向失衡对地方政府债务与银行系统性风险关系均具有正向调节作用,政府金融干预度与财政纵向失衡度的提高均会加剧地方政府债务对银行系统性风险的促进作用。该成果将为科学设定地方政府债务规模及防控银行业系统性风险提供理论指导与决策参考。     

浅析韩国的金融危机

1．政经关系过密,金融投资体制严重扭曲。政府长期对经济干预过度且干预手段僵化,使一度对韩国经济发展起重要作用的政府主导型经济开发战略逐步演变成限制市场机能发挥的主要因素。韩国金融运营体制存在致命缺陷。其表现为：政府与金融机构关系过密,金融机构领导人和高级职员由政府任命,许多官员事实上掌握对银行的支配权;银行习惯于奉命行事,缺乏风险意识,认为有政府支持大企业不会垮台,对大企业几乎是有求必应,导致大量银行信贷背离市场原理和效益原则,按政府意志或屈服于某些官员压力而大量流向大企业,贷款规模之大甚至超过…     

东亚金融危机与江苏银行稳健运行

自1997年7月泰铢贬值以来,东亚金融危机由南到北沉重打击了近十个国家和地区的经济发展,至今还是余波未尽,令人担忧。大量事实表明,东亚金融危机形成和爆发的主要原因之一是金融业,特别是银行体系的混乱无序。日本和韩国的金融危机就是典型例证。江苏是中国的经济大省,其境内银行能否稳健运行,不仅对江苏经济发展有至关重要的影响,而且还会影响到整个国民经济的健康发展。东亚金融危机已经为我们敲响了警钟。一、东亚金融危机的警示东亚国家经济发展的模式十分相近,其特征是经济高速增长下的金融抑制。金融抑制是指金融要素不够活…     

东亚对外金融一体化：基于非抵补利率平价理论的实证研究

结合东亚经济体金融自由化程度的差异,构建计量模型系统研究了东亚各国(地区)与美国非抵补利率平价的长、短期成立条件、长期均衡水平及动态调整速度,在此基础上分析了东亚对外金融一体化及其动态变化.结论是:东亚经济体与美国的非抵补利率平价短期不成立,长期成立但存在偏离;金融自由化差异会部分影响对外一体化程度;金融合作和金融开放可以显著促进金融一体化程度的提高.     

金融发展与经济增长:政府干预重要吗

在金融市场不完善的情况下,政府通常通过金融规模和金融效率两个渠道,影响金融的资源配置功能,进而影响经济增长。基于1992~2010年中国分省面板数据,运用系统GMM方法实证检验政府干预下的金融对经济增长的影响。研究发现,金融规模不断扩张对经济增长具有不利影响,政府干预可以减少这种不利影响,金融效率的提高能促进经济增长,政府干预则阻碍了金融效率对经济的促进作用。     

从东南亚—东亚金融危机看政府的行为

东南亚—东亚金融危机引发的重要起因是政府行为不当:“政府包揽”、甚至“官商勾结”,是这场金融危机的“起爆剂”之一;它既是经济危机,也是政治危机,充分暴露了政府干预经济能力的丧失。东南亚—东亚金融危机对我国改革政府行为有重要启示:政府对经济的干预必须接受市场规律的制约;政府介入市场要受法律的规范;政府要不断加强和提高宏观管理的水平和能力;我国政府要积极参与国际间,尤其是本地区间的经济合作,为加速建立更加公正、合理的国际经济新秩序而努力。     

经济转型中的法治水平、政府行为与地区金融发展——来自中国的新证据

在以政府主导甚至干预经济发展为特征的转型经济中,政府行为会影响法治与金融发展间的作用机制。本文利用1995-2005年中国省级单位的数据研究了政府行为和法治水平对地区金融发展的影响。结果发现,在不考虑政府行为这一制度因素时,法治水平的提高对地区金融发展具有一定的促进效应,但这个效应有限。转型期政府行为对金融发展明显具有重要影响,地方政府的干预可能会对法治促进金融发展的作用产生部分挤出效应,甚至是完全的替代效应。本文的结论是,经济转型过程中的中国只有在充分认识到政府行为主导金融发展的情况下,才能准确把握法治与金融发展间的关系。本文的研究也对主流法与金融文献提供了新证据。     

金融发展中的政府干预、资本化进程与经济增长质量

理论和经验研究都说明金融发展对于经济增长具有重要的促进作用,良好的金融发展程度可以有效提高一国的全要素生产率。然而市场并不是无摩擦的完美世界,作为一个从计划经济向市场体制转型的发展中国家,中国正经历着一个资产价格快速上涨的资本化过程;而财政压力下政府又有很强的干预金融的动机和行为。基于动态面板数据计量模型的结果显示:政府干预、实物资产和金融资产价格的上升对金融发展促进经济增长质量提高作用有一定的抑制,当前经济资本化和虚拟经济的发展出现偏移,引起金融资源向投机领域过快集中,而政府的干预也影响了金融资源的有效配置;只有进一步明确政府边界、实行激励实体经济发展和技术创新的政策,才能更好发挥金融发展促进经济增长质量提升的效应。     

对中小企业金融支持应注意的问题

针对中小企业融资困难,我国已采取和正在采取相应措施。但是,由于中小企业融资困难只是其产生困境的原因之一,且融资困难的产生又有极其深刻的社会经济原因因而在对中小企业实施金融支援中,至少要注意以下几个方面的问题。 一、政府:既要引导对中小企业的有效金融支持,又不插手和干预金融机构自身的经营行为 由于我国中小企业融资渠道单一,中小企业融资困难一个重要原因是银行信贷资金减少,而我国银行的产权尚未明晰,因而政府极有可能干预银行促其增加向中小企业贷款,这将进一步加大已存在大量不良资产的国有商业银行的经营风险,不利于其商…     

从OCA理论看东亚地区货币金融合作的前景

在经济全球化和金融自由化的背景下,国家之间的货币政策协调越来越显得重要,最优货币区理论就是在这一背景下提出的.对东亚地区而言,在东南亚金融危机爆发以后,加强国家之间的货币金融合作的呼声越来越高,并且东亚地区许多方面已经满足了最优货币区的标准.但由于政治上的原因,在东亚地区建立统一货币区的时机还不成熟,因此,东亚地区货币区的建立应该在最优货币区理论的指导下循序渐进地进行.     

Financial Crisis, “New” Industrial Policy,and the Bite of Multilateral Trade Rules

The recent Great Recession has triggered substantial government intervention – not all of it macroeconomic. This article presents evidence that the sectoral incidence and forms of government intervention appear to have changed from pre-crisis regularities. Once the commercial significance of a sector is taken into account, pre-crisis measures of trade policy intervention poorly predict the crisis-era sectoral incidence of discriminatory state measures imposed by Asian governments. Qualitative evidence focusing on three key countries in Asia – China, Japan, and South Korea – is also marshaled to sustain the contention that Asian governments have used the recent economic crisis to reinvigorate industrial policies, targeting apparent growth poles and apparently environmentally friendly technologies and sectors. Implications for the expansion of World Trade Organization rules and their effectiveness are discussed.     

Macroeconomic Linkages and Regional Monetary Cooperation: Steps Ahead*

There is a growing appetite for economic cooperation in East Asia. Although the region has forums to facilitate this, economic cooperation has focussed largely on discussion of issues and policies ? cooperative action is confined to functional cooperation in finance. There is scope for further cooperation in strengthening markets and institutions, with a view to accelerating convergence and stability in the region and deepening shared preferences about policy objectives, including on monetary and exchange rate issues. Although monetary policy in East Asia is generally focussed on controlling inflation, differences remain in economic structure and preferences about policy trade‐offs, markets, and institutions.     

The endogeneity of the Optimum Currency Area criteria in East Asia

The Asian financial crisis in mid-1997 has increased interest in policies to achieve greater regional exchange rate stability in East Asia. It has renewed calls for greater monetary and exchange rate cooperation. A country's suitability to join a monetary union depends, inter alia, on the trade intensity and the business cycle synchronization with other potential members of the monetary union. However, these two Optimum Currency Area criteria are endogenous. Theoretically, the effect of increased trade integration (after the elimination of exchange fluctuations among the countries in the region) on the business cycle synchronization is ambiguous. Reduction in trade barriers can potentially increase industrial specialization by country and therefore resulting in more asymmetry business cycles from industry-specific shocks. On the other hand, increased trade integration may result in more highly correlated business cycles due to common demand shocks or intra-industry trade. If the second hypothesis is empirically verified, policy makers have little to worry about the region being unsynchronized in their business cycles as the business cycles will become more synchronized after the monetary union is formed. This paper assesses the dynamic relationships between trade, finance, specialization and business cycle synchronization for East Asian economies using a Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach. The dynamic panel approach improves on previous efforts to examine the business cycle correlations — trade link using panel procedures, which control for the potential endogeneity of all explanatory variables. Based on the findings on how trade, finance and sectoral specialization have effects on the size of common shocks among countries, potential policies that can help East Asian countries move closer toward a regional currency arrangement can be suggested. The empirical results of this study suggest that there exists scope for East Asia to form a monetary union.     

The Future of East Asia’s Trade: A Call for Better Globalization

This paper is about how East Asia should respond to the challenges of the external environment. The first challenge is the current slowdown in trade, which has been due to cyclical and structural factors such as the decline in productivity and the maturation of global value chains. The rise in protectionism as measured by rising trade restrictiveness has not impacted on trade, but political and policy uncertainty regarding the direction of trade policy seems to have begun to impact on trade growth. The policy stance of increased protectionism and a retreat from the multilateral rules‐based trading system is linked to the pockets of the population who have not seen their incomes improve and who have blamed their plight and increased inequality on globalization. In fact, the issue is more about the lack of effective responses to manage the costs of trade liberalization. East Asian economies need to respond to these challenges by upholding the multilateral rules‐based trading system, continuing the various pathways to regional economic integration, and ensuring better globalization through effective capacity building and policies to address the negative effects of trade liberalization.     

Privatization and the Political Economy of Strategic Trade Policy

This article considers the interdependence between international financial markets, privatization, and strategic trade policies. We describe an economy where portfolio allocations are chosen by risk-averse agents who rationally forecast future trade policies. Assuming a government responsive to the policy preferences of voters, we show that ownership structure affects trade policy through the incentives for lobbying by private agents. Portfolios and trade policy are thus jointly determined in political-economic equilibrium. Privatization of state-owned industry exerts an important influence over the trade policies chosen by domestic and foreign governments by expanding the scope for individual diversification.     

多方努力积极促进新疆对中亚五国的贸易

新疆与中亚国家的贸易中存在很多问题,最为突出的是新疆经济发展对中亚国家贸易的依赖程度越来越强。通过对中亚五国融资政策的分析比较,试图找出新疆对中亚五国贸易的应对措施,力求推动新疆与中亚五国贸易的协调发展。     

Trade liberalization and industrial structure in Spain: An applied general equilibrium analysis

We empirically evaluate the aggregate welfare effects and structural adjustment for the Spanish economy that would follow from trade liberalization with the European Economic Community. Recent theory suggests that the classical gains form more liberal trade relations could be amplified substantially if EEC liberalization permits Spanish industries to realize economies of scale. These effects depend upon the extent of trade creation and trade diversion resulting from preferential liberalization, which in turn depend on the existing patterns of Spanish resource allocation, trade, and comparative advantage. The estimated results are derived from disaggregated microeconomic model of the Spanish economy. We find that increasing returns can actually be beneficial or detrimental, depending upon the interactions between trade and policy toward domestic industry.     

Business cycle synchronization and African monetary union: A wavelet analysis

In this paper, we analyze the feasibility of an African monetary union based on the necessary condition of business cycle synchronization. In this regard, we examine the synchronization of growth cycles between five Regional Economic Communities (RECs) that will have to merge to form an African monetary union: the East African Community; the Economic Community of Central African States; the Economic Community of West African States; the Southern African Development Community; and the Arab Maghreb Union. To do this, we use a new continuous wavelet approach. Results show evidence of heterogeneous synchronization across time and horizons between the RECs. Controlling for the influence of some countries' membership in several RECs at the same time, the synchronization landscape does not improve. Overall, our results suggest that business cycle synchronization across the RECs has not yet reached a sufficient level to allow African countries to benefit from a common monetary policy.     

Free Trade Agreements and the Prospects for Regional Integration in East Asia

Trade policy in East Asia has switched from non-discriminatory unilateral liberalization, reinforced by General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO) commitments, to discriminatory free trade agreements (FTA). The paper surveys the FTA activity of the major regional players: China, the ASEAN countries, Japan, and South Korea. It concludes that emerging FTAs are weak and partial. A hub-and-spoke pattern of dirty FTAs will not drive regional economic integration or further integration with the global economy. Rather, it could be a force of regional economic disintegration – especially if the multilateral trading system weakens further. At the same time, FTA activity is distracting attention from the WTO, and, more fundamentally, from unilateral liberalization and domestic structural reforms. Hence, East Asian trade policies need to be rebalanced, with better-quality FTAs and more focus on the WTO. However, more important than the WTO and FTAs is a fresh spurt of unilateral liberalization and structural reform outside trade negotiations.