FDI对产业集群作用的实证研究——以江苏省制造业产业集群为例

文章以江苏省制造业产业集群为例,采用实证的方法研究了FDI与产业集群之间的关系。结果表明,江苏省制造业产业集群具有较强的路径依赖效应,而FDI的进入强化了这种路径依赖。文章实证结果表明,FDI对劳动密集型及资本、技术密集型产业集群有促进作用,但没有发现FDI显著地促进了江苏省资本密集型产业集群的发展。这个结果一个可能的解释就是跨国公司在江苏资本密集型产业的投资低于其在加工组装型制造业中的投资。     

Real exchange-rate uncertainty and US foreign direct investment: an empirical analysis

This paper empirically analyzes the impact of exchange-rate uncertainty, exchange-rate movements, and expectations on foreign direct investment (FDI). Using data on US outward FDI for the period 1984–2004 we examine two competing measures of exchange-rate volatility. While the standard measure yields a discouraging effect on FDI outflows in all industries the alternative risk specification reveals a clear distinction between manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries, with the latter showing a positive correlation with increased exchange risk. A real appreciation of host-country currency was associated with higher FDI flows, while expectations about an appreciation showed a negative result.     

FDI productivity spillovers and the technology gap in Malaysia's electrical and electronic industries

This study measures the impact of indirect technology transfer through spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) on Malaysia's development of a ‘high‐tech’ sector, namely the electrical and electronic (E&E) industries. We estimate the total factor productivity (TFP) of establishments as a function of foreign presence within and across industries. Both the fixed assets and wages share of foreign establishments in a five‐digit ISIC (International Standard Industrial Classification) industry are used as measures of foreign presence. The estimations provide evidence of significantly negative (or insignificant) FDI vertical spillover effects and insignificant horizontal spillover effects on the TFP of domestic establishments. The positive (negative) coefficient of the interaction term between the forward (horizontal) spillover variable and the technology gap supports the ‘catching‐up’ (technology accumulation) hypothesis. The negative impact, even absence, of FDI spillover effects on TFP and the mixed evidence on the effects of interactions between FDI spillovers and the technology gap suggest that fine‐tuning of fiscal incentive schemes for FDI to arrive at positive net benefits may prove to be a daunting task in the Malaysian E&E industries.     

Determinants of FDI-induced externalities: New empirical evidence for Mexican manufacturing industries

This paper presents new statistical evidence on foreign direct investment (FDI)-induced externalities in Mexican manufacturing industries for 1993. The new empirical results are important in three respects. First, the size of technological differences between FDI and Mexican firms is positively related to positive externalities, indicating the importance of sufficient scope of potential externalities, incentives to make externality-facilitating investments and the absence of negative competition effects. Second, geographical concentration is identified as a structural determinant of positive FDI externalities. Finally, the effect from FDI cleared from the influence of technological differences and agglomeration is the creation of positive externalities, especially when endogeneity of the foreign participation variable is controlled for.     

国际贸易、外国直接投资与制造业高技能劳动力需求

随着融入全球经济步伐的加快和深入,我国正在经历高技能劳动力需求旺盛但实际短缺的时代,本文利用我国制造业企业调查数据考察了国际贸易和外国直接投资对高技能劳动力需求的影响。研究发现,进口贸易和外国直接投资与高技能劳动力需求之间存在显著的正相关关系,而出口对高技能劳动力需求呈现显著的负向作用。同时,国际贸易和外国直接投资对高技能劳动力需求的影响在行业和区域上表现出强烈差异。     

劳动力供给、生产率与外商直接投资工资外溢效应

本文利用中国1999-2007年441个四位码工业行业数据,考察外商直接投资在产业内部和产业之间,通过直接影响劳动力市场供给方式和间接生产率外溢方式对中国内资行业的工资外溢效应。研究结果表明:(1)外商直接投资(FDI)通过直接和间接方式对中国内资行业工资在产业内部和产业之间都产生了显著的正向外溢效应;(2)国有行业比重提高会显著促进FDI通过劳动力供给方式对内资行业产生工资外溢效应,但同样会显著阻碍FDI通过间接的生产率外溢方式对内资行业产生工资外溢效应;(3)FDI对内资劳动密集型行业的工资外溢效应显著高于资本密集型行业,FDI进入显著缩小了中国不同劳动生产率工业部门的工资收入差距。     

人民币实际汇率变动与FDI流入结构：理论模型与实证分析

随着FDI流入我国规模的扩大,引资结构也发生了很大的变化。同时,伴随着我国经济实力的增强,FDI流入已从高速成长期进入成熟期,因此,人民币汇率变动对FDI的影响也表现出一定的复杂性。将FDI流入我国的类型划分为贸易型与非贸易型,从投资商谋求利润最大化的微观视角,建立人民币汇率变动与不同类型的FDI之间关系的理论模型。进一步地,利用2006-2011年的月度数据对理论模型的观点进行了验证。研究结果显示,我国制造业FDI与服务业FDI均与人民币汇率呈现正相关关系,但是短期还表现为一定的负相关性。两行业FDI流入成为人民币汇率变动的重要因素。     

FDI技术溢出、协同创新及其互动对制造业技术升级的影响

基于2010—2018年中国制造业上市公司与地级市的匹配数据，实证分析FDI技术溢出和协同创新及两者互动对制造业技术升级的作用，并进一步检验了不同企业所有制和产业类型下的异质性影响。研究发现，FDI技术溢出和企业间协同创新能显著促进制造业技术升级且形成积极交互效应，而产学研协同创新对技术升级的作用不显著，尚未与FDI技术溢出形成合力；在国有企业和技术密集型行业，FDI技术溢出与企业间协同创新的交互效应更为显著。     

地方化经济、城市化经济与劳动生产率——基于中国制造业四位数行业的实证研究

本文基于2003年中国四位数行业制造业数据,实证分析了产业外部性的两种重要形式——地方化经济和城市化经济对劳动生产率的影响。我们发现,从整个制造业来讲,地方化经济和城市化经济都促进了劳动生产率的提高。同时,我们就地方化经济和城市化经济是否存在产业间的差异进行了实证分析,发现地方化经济在大部分产业都发挥显著的促进作用,而仅有少数技术含量相对高的产业支持城市化经济。     

The role of foreign direct investment in Indonesia's manufacturing exports

This article examines whether foreign direct investment (FDI) has contributed to the changing structure of Indonesia's manufacturing exports. It uses industry-level data from 1990 to 2008, classified by factor intensity. Our analysis reveals that FDI promotes exports in most panel observations, especially exports from physical-capital-intensive (PCI), human-capital-intensive (HCI) and technology-intensive (TI) industries. Yet by applying a differentiated cross-section-effect model, we determine that the export-generating potential of FDI is stronger in PCI, HCI and TI industries than in natural-resource-intensive or unskilled-labour-intensive industries, in which Indonesia has a comparative advantage. We also assess the influence of other determinants of export performance – namely, private domestic capital investment, GDP growth and exchange rates. Our findings have implications for policymakers seeking to sustain Indonesia's export performance.     

地域因素、行业特征与FDI的技术溢出效应——基于珠三角地区面板数据的实证研究

本文运用基于DEA的Malmquist指数方法分析珠三角地区1996～2007年28个内资制造行业全要素生产率(TFP)及其分解变量的变化规律,考察了外商直接投资的技术溢出效应与地区经济增长的关系。经研究发现FDI从整体上对内资制造行业产生了正溢出效应,且这种溢出效应主要通过后向关联效应在技术进步方面得以实现。     

高技术服务业FDI对东道国制造业效率影响的研究——基于中介效应分析

在全球化背景下,随着世界各国产业结构的调整和产业转移的加快,服务业日益成为国际投资的主流,研究高技术服务业FDI对制造业效率的影响显得非常必要。本文运用中国制造业28个细分行业2003～2010年的面板数据,引入交易成本、生产制造成本和创新能力作为中介变量,研究高技术服务业FDI对制造业效率提升的机理。研究结果表明,高技术服务业FDI对中国制造业效率均有正的直接效应,但中介效应不同:信息传输、计算机服务和软件业通过降低交易成本提高制造业效率;科学研究、技术服务和地质勘查业FDI通过提高创新能力提高制造业效率,然而生产制造成本并没有通过中介效应的检验。最后,本文提出了扩大服务市场开放,提高人力资本等建议。     

Comparative advantage FDI? A host country perspective

Recent empirical studies of the determinants of multinational activity across countries have found overwhelming support for a horizontal rather than a vertical model of foreign direct investment (FDI). They all use US or other developed country data. This paper, in contrast, uses a detailed industry-level data set on FDI in a relatively skilled-labor and capital scarce country, Mexico, to shed light on the determinants of FDI between largely dissimilar countries. The results indicate considerably more support for a comparative advantage motive for FDI, although a market access motive is present as well. The correlation between skill differences and FDI is positive in all industries, but when differences are large, FDI flows into sectors that are intensive in total labor, regardless of skill level. The concentration of multinational activity in (unskilled) labor intensive industries suggests a potential for spillover effects.     

FDI、行业间联系与溢出效应——基于我国制造业行业面板数据的实证分析

本文采用1999～2003年28个制造业行业的面板数据进行实证分析,以期说明制造业行业是否存在外资行业内横向溢出和行业间纵向溢出效应(后向联系和前向联系)。利用动态面板数据的系统广义矩估计方法(SystemGMM),克服了要素投入的内生性问题和前期的生产率冲击后,实证结果表明,对制造业的内资而言,外资的后向联系效应作用明显,说明后向联系确实是外资技术溢出的重要渠道,而行业内溢出效应和前向联系效应表现为不明显的正向影响。     

Spillovers from foreign direct investment in services: Evidence at sub-sectoral level for the Asia-Pacific

We take a sectoral level approach to analyzing the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. We disaggregate FDI first by manufacturing versus services, then within services by financial services, trade services, and business services. We consider the effects of FDI inflows on growth of GDP per capita, then distinguish between growth in manufacturing and services value added per capita. Our data sample comprises 14 Asia Pacific economies for the period 1985–2012 to which we apply a dynamic panel generalized method of moments estimation technique. Services FDI as a whole is found to have a significantly positive impact on GDP growth while manufacturing FDI is found to have no effect. The impetus for growth from services FDI traces to financial services in particular, acting not only directly on service sector output but through manufacturing sector output as well. By contrast, trade services FDI is found to have a significantly negative effect on manufacturing output with no significant effect on services output. Foreign participation in trade services may act to expose domestic manufacturers to international competition and may also lead to domestic consolidation to take advantage of economies of scale.     

FDI对我国高新技术产业国际竞争力影响的实证研究

本文以1996～2010年数据为样本,将FDI与我国高新技术产业国际竞争力的量化指标建立线性回归模型进行了协整分析。结果表明,FDI对我国高新技术产业总体国际竞争力产生显著的长期和短期均衡影响;同时对我国高新技术产业的五大细分行业进行对比研究,发现FDI对五大细分行业的显著性影响程度不同。最后,针对实证结果对我国高新技术产业利用FDI提出若干建议。     

Sectoral FDI cycles in South and East Asia

This study aims to analyze how sectoral foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in South and East Asian economies respond to changes in the business cycles of the host countries, as measured by their output gaps. We focus on 15 economies during the period 1980–2011 and examine inflows of FDI in extractive industries, manufacturing and services in addition to aggregate FDI by using a dynamic panel Blundell–Bond GMM methodology. We find evidence of countercyclical behavior of services FDI and acyclical behavior of both extractive industries FDI and manufacturing FDI. The coutercyclical behavior of services FDI in South and East Asia has important policy implications.     

Testing for horizontal and vertical foreign investment spillovers in China, 1998–2007

As with many developing countries, the Chinese government hopes that knowledge brought by multinationals will spill over to domestic industries and increase their productivity. In this paper, we show that foreign investment originating outside of Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan has positive effects on individual firm level productivity, while foreign investment from HKMT firms does not. We also test for both horizontal (within the same industry) and vertical (upstream or downstream) linkages from foreign investment. Using a manufacturing firm-level panel for 1998 through 2007, we find zero or weak positive horizontal externalities. However, our results show that foreign direct investment (FDI) has generated positive productivity spillovers to domestic firms via backward linkages (the contacts between foreign affiliates and their local suppliers in downstream sectors) as well as forward linkages (between foreign suppliers and their local buyers in the upstream sectors).     

外商直接投资对我国收入差距的影响——基于制造业工资基尼系数的实证分析

本文利用1998～2006年中国30个省市的面板数据,对FDI对制造业工资收入差距的影响进行了实证分析。研究发现,FDI有利于缩小我国制造业行业间工资收入差距;FDI缩小制造业行业间工资收入差距的原因在于其能够更多地拉升制造业中低收入行业的相对工资,该作用在东部地区要大于中西部地区;FDI能提高制造业的相对工资,但这种作用在不同地区是有差别的。因此,FDI虽然缩小了制造业行业间的工资收入差距,但是客观上扩大了东部和中西部地区之间制造业的工资收入差距。基于以上结论,本文最后提出了一些缩小制造业行业间收入差距和地区收入差距的政策建议。     

Outward FDI and Local Employment Growth in Italy

Using several data sources, we assess the impact of Italy’s outward foreign direct investment (FDI) on local employment growth between 1996 and 2001 for 12 manufacturing industries and 103 administrative provinces. Our main result is that, controlling for the local industrial structure and area fixed effects, FDI is associated with faster local employment growth, relatively to the national industry average. We also find that employment in small plants is not negatively influenced by higher levels of FDI. Our findings do not support therefore the idea that FDI is detrimental to local employment growth in the home country. JEL no.  C21, F21, F23