International entrepreneurial culture—Toward a comprehensive opportunity-based operationalization of international entrepreneurship

Despite the abundance of international entrepreneurship studies, there is a need to develop valid measures of the international entrepreneurship construct. Based on prior conceptual studies, we contribute to the literature by advancing a scale of the international entrepreneurial culture (IEC) that considers opportunity-based behavior; and, aims to capture the overarching context of international entrepreneurship. We followed established scale development practices and conducted a research on UK and US medium-sized firms. Our proposed six-dimensional operationalization of IEC, which sufficiently matches the initial conceptualization, consists of international entrepreneurial orientation; international market orientation; international motivation; international learning orientation; international networking orientation with competitors; and, international networking orientation with non-competitors. The main implication from this study is that international entrepreneurship scholars can use in future research these six dimensions of the encompassing IEC context rather than a confined international entrepreneurship construct.     

Broadening the concept of international entrepreneurship: ‘Consumers as International Entrepreneurs’

We integrate theories from international business, entrepreneurship, innovation, marketing and network economics to develop a four-part typology of ‘consumers as international entrepreneurs’. This broadens the concept of international entrepreneurship and complements the firm-level focus customary in research on international new ventures and entrepreneurs within those ventures. We develop our arguments in the context of the new economy and discuss areas for investigation in this emerging area of inquiry.     

Is international entrepreneurship a field? A bibliometric analysis of the literature (1989–2015)

The abundant academic literature on international entrepreneurship has attracted the attention of many researchers in various fields (international business, entrepreneurship, management, marketing, to mention a few). A debate has been opened on whether international entrepreneurship is indeed a field. In this article, we seek to contribute to this debate. We applied a bibliometric analysis to 567 articles on international entrepreneurship published during the 1989–February 2015 period. The main indices that this is an emerging field are as follows: a concentration of publications on central contributors and universities, key dates of social events, the creation of a journal dedicated to the topic and a strong identity of keywords. A co-citation analysis shows that the international entrepreneurship field is structured on a stable body of references, organised into five key clusters, distinct from its mother disciplines: international business and entrepreneurship. Our work helps to identify the paradigmatic approaches that structure international entrepreneurship.     

Harbin Fair——Link Northeast with the World

International China Harbin Fair for Trade and Economic Cooperation (Harbin Fair),a large-scale international expo authorized by the Chinese government,has been successfully held for 18 times consecutively since it inaugurated in 1990.     

Harbin Fair——Link Northeast with the World

International China Harbin Fair for Trade and Economic Cooperation (Harbin Fair),a large-scale interna- tional expo authorized by the Chinese government,has been successfully held for 18 times consecutively since it inaugurated in 1990.Every year it is held from June 15 to 21 in Harbin,capital of Northeast China' s Heilongjiang Province.After its establish- ment,this annual Fair has played an impor- tant role in promoting business and trade ties between China especially the Northeast and the world.It has a special feature facing with Russia and other neighboring countries in Northeast Asia.     

What drives the internationalization of Chinese SMEs? The joint effects of international entrepreneurship characteristics,network ties,and firm ownership

The paper first investigates how Chinese small-to-medium enterprises’ (SMEs) network ties at home moderate the relationships between different international entrepreneurship (IE) characteristics and the degree of internationalization of the firm. The paper further explores how the Chinese SMEs’ ownership arrangement might explain the boundary conditions of the proposed moderating effects of network ties on the relationship between IE characteristics and internationalization. Findings of our empirical study generally support the hypotheses derived from our theoretical framework. The paper offers new insights into the internationalization of Chinese SMEs by ascertaining the differential contingent value of business versus political ties in the relationship between IE characteristics and internationalization and explores the bounds of our findings in terms of the ownership arrangement unique to the Chinese context.     

Stress—making friends with the enemy

What are the major stressors in business life? What constitutes too much stress? And how can managers transform a liability into an asset?     

Are the self-employed really jacks-of-all-trades? Testing the assumptions and implications of Lazear’s theory of entrepreneurship with German data

Using a large representative German data set and various concepts of self-employment, this paper tests the “jack-of-all-trades” view of entrepreneurship by Lazear (Am Econ Rev 94(2): 208–211, 2004). Consistent with its theoretical assumptions we find that self-employed individuals perform more tasks and that their work requires more skills than that of paid employees. In contrast to Lazear’s assumptions, however, self-employed individuals do not just need more basic but also more expert skills than employees. Our results also provide rather limited support for the idea that human capital investment patterns differ between those who become self-employed and those ending up in paid employment.     

Do taxes influence the organizational boundaries of international firms? An incomplete-contracting model with empirical evidence

Firms that import intermediate goods choose between outsourcing and vertical integration. When corporate tax rates differ between the home country and the foreign country, the possibility of shifting income and reducing overall tax payments through transfer pricing makes integration more attractive than outsourcing. This paper develops an incomplete-contracting model in which an international firm facing tax rate differentials chooses whether or not to internalize intermediate transactions in order to trade off production efficiency and tax minimization. By shifting economic activities across borders, an integrated multinational enterprise establishes a proper transfer price and reaches the optimal profit-splitting arrangement that maximizes its total after-tax profit. This paper finds that cross-country differences in corporate tax rates and product intangibility play important roles in affecting firms’ internalization decision. Empirical analysis employing the US data also supports the theoretical findings. The positive correlation of the integration level of US firms and tax rate differentials between the US and foreign countries remains in the sample excluding tax havens.     

Negotiating with the chinese—A commercial long march

In this article I deal with marketing's historical ignorance, the importance of using history in marketing and the meaning of historical perspective, suggest how to operationalize and integrate historical perspective without giving detailed and comprehensive guidelines, and how to add historical perspective to the marketing curriculum.     

Necessary conditions in international business research–Advancing the field with a new perspective on causality and data analysis

Many researchers in international business (IB) refer to necessity when they theorize about the relationships between different concepts. However, necessary conditions involve a specific causal logic: they represent constraints, bottlenecks, or critical factors that must be overcome for a desired outcome to exist. Usually, this logic is not fully acknowledged, neither in theoretical thinking nor in empirical research. In this paper, we demonstrate the relevance of necessary conditions in IB research and discuss how an adequate consideration of necessity logic can advance the field. Furthermore, we introduce necessary condition analysis (NCA) as a new analytical technique that identifies necessary conditions in data sets. We illustrate its application by analyzing whether certain institutional factors are necessary conditions for inward foreign direct investment. Finally, we assess the value of necessity logic and NCA as novel approaches to think about causality and to analyze data in IB.     

Resilience: Lessons from banks that have braved the economic crisis—And from those that have not

Resilience – a firm's ability to adapt, endure, quickly bounce back, and then thrive despite a catastrophic event – addresses diverse managerial constructs including performance (Carmeli & Markman, 2011). Our exploratory study expands this line of research by making two contributions: first, we develop and test a new revelatory measure for resilience – VOLARE – combining financial performance measures with volatility data. Then, applying this new measure to the financial industry, from 2002 to 2011, we identify highly resilient international financial services firms (IFSFs; e.g., banks) and compare them with less resilient IFSFs. Second, we assess three factors – bank size, home-market solidity, and product and market complexity – that the literature has traditionally shown to be highly predictive of banks’ performance. Consistent with our expectations, the results corroborate that VOLARE is complementary to, but distinct from, traditional financial measures of firm performance. We explain these deviations from traditional studies and suggest further research topics.     

Proper Financial System for the Socialist Market Economy——Vice-Governor Zhou Zhenqin of the People's Bank of China on China's Financial System at an international meeting

In the year 1994, China's new policies and measures for taxation, finance, invcstment and foreign system reform came into being respectively and enjoyed steady progress. At an international meeting not long ago, Vice-Governor Zhou Zhenqin of the People's Bank of China talked about the targets, measures and headway for China's financial system reform to domestic and forcign people from economic circles who attended the meeting. When talking about the financial reform carried out this year, he focused on the introduction of the following five     

Transferring Enterprise Operational Mechanism—An Interview with the President of CNACC

The China National Arts and Crafts Import and Export Corporation is a foreign trade undertaking specializing in the import and export of arts and crafts. Since 1990, it has ranked 12th among the 500 top corporations with large import and export volumes. During the first six months of 1993, its exports were     

Strive for the Modern Town with the Specialized Production of Boxes and Bags——Sidelights on Nantai Town Economy

Nantai town is located at the south of Liaoning Province. North is Anshan, Haicheng is on the south, Shenda expressway, Hada highway and railway crisscross the town from north to south. Nantai town covers an areas of 95 square kgs with 23 administrative v…