The circular migration of smallholders in Kenya

Circular migration is a central phenomenon in the lives of smallholders in East Africa. Many migration decisions are not individual decisions, but rather household decisions in which the household allocates its labor force among activities to maximize household utility. A probit model which incorporates circular migration and takes into account contacts, information, and indivisibilities is used to analyze migration among 763 farm households in the Central and Nyanza provinces of Kenya. Study data are from a 1982 survey. The pull of high urban wages appears to be a far more important determinant of migration decision outcomes than the push of land scarcity, while a strong local nonagricultural economy does not seem to restrict migration. Networks of personal contacts were found to be highly significant determinants of migration. These findings suggest that rural development will probably not reduce the flow of migration.     

宏观经济冲击与经济熵

宏观经济体系是一个几率支配的非决定论的复杂巨系统,只存在最可几分布,而不能准确预测。如果没有外部输入,宏观经济体系就会逐渐陷于无序和混乱。作为序参量,经济熵反映了经济系统的有序程度。经济冲击带给宏观经济的熵流为正值,这种熵流及其造成的经济损失可以通过给定公式计算出来。     

The impact of 1992 Europe on the United States' economy

Plenary Panel Address at the Twenty-Ninth International Atlantic Economic Conference, March 17–23, 1990, Geneva.     

四川省发展循环经济初探

循环经济的基本理念 所谓循环经济，即在经济发展中，遵循生态学规律，将清洁生产、资源综合利用、生态设计和可持续消费等融为一体，实现废物减量化、资源化和无害化，使经济系统和自然生态系统的物质和谐循环，维护自然生态平衡。循环经济的本质是生态经济，以“减量化、再使用、再循环“为基本行为准则(称为3R嗄则)，具有低开采、低投入、高利用、低排放的特征，是解决目前可持续发展中资源和环境问题的最佳途径。     

城中村改造潜在经济问题法律分析

城中村改造是一个复杂且系统的工程,涉及到村官、村民、村集体、政府、开发商多方利益,所引发的潜在经济问题也层出不穷,尤其是村官与开发商之间的利益协调问题,更是影响到我国城中村改造和基层民主建设的效果。本文从界定城中村村官身份出发,对城中村村官与开发商之间的经济行为表现作出阐述,并对此行为涉及的法律问题从刑法学角度做一分析。     

The impact of the Saldanha Steel Project on the West Coast economy

This article reports the results of a study which evaluated whether the erection of the steel plant at Saldanha/Vredenburg supports the main objectives of the SDI programme and has resulted in sustainable growth for the region. It investigates the reasons for locating the steel plant here and factors which may affect the long‐term economic success of the plant. It also records the experiences of business people in the region on the impact of the investment on the area's economy to date and their perceptions of its likely impact in the future. From a national perspective, it asks whether the growth in foreign exchange earnings and the extension of a waning industry's lifespan is enough to justify public sector investment in the infrastructure at Saldanha Bay. On a local level, it probes and reports on the extent to which the erection of the steel mill spurred further growth via an enlarged set of activities, higher average productivity, higher savings, and improved actual and expected prospects for earning income.     

The impact of migration and remittances on labor supply in Tajikistan

Remittances from labor migrants abroad have become the largest component of financial flows to developing countries. While they are an important source of foreign currency for low-income countries, the impact of outmigration and remittances on the economic development of the sending country is ambiguous. To narrow this knowledge gap, this paper examines their impact on the domestic labor market, using the case of Tajikistan – a labor migrant contributor and remittance dependent country in Central Asia. Specifically, we estimate the impact of international migration and receipt of remittances on the labor supply decisions and employment of the family members left behind. To ensure rigorous inferences, we apply a control function approach using unique high-frequency household panel data. Our method enables us to correctly address the simultaneity of migration/remittance and labor supply decisions of the left-behind members. Our main estimates are that sending migrants reduces the labor supply of the left-behind members by 5.4 percentage points, and that receiving remittances reduces it by 10.2 percentage points, respectively. These findings suggest that the reservation wage effect of having a migrant member and receiving remittances is large and surpasses other positive effects they might have.     

The macroeconomic impact of AIDS in Malawi: a dualistic,labour surplus economy

This paper simulates the macroeconomic effects of the AIDS epidemic in Malawi. This is done by using Bulatao's (1990) predictions of the disease's demographic impact in a dual-economy macro model. The with-AIDS scenario is compared with a counterfactual no-AIDS scenario to assess the impact of the disease if it spreads unchecked. The results suggest that by the year 2010, Malawian real GDP could be as much as 10% smaller than it would have been in the absence of the AIDS epidemic. The impact on per capita income is smaller, ranging from 0% to 3% lower than it would have been in the no-AIDS case by 2010.     

The impact of disinvestment and the debt crisis on the South African economy

The paper considers the economic implications of disinvestment and the debt crisis for the South African economy with the aid of some historical analysis of foreign capital inflows and growth. It considers the changes that have occurred in the structure of foreign liabilities over the last twenty years and it examines the quantitative and qualitative roles of private investment and non‐direct investment over this period. The debt issue is examined within the framework of disinvestment, and the conclusion reached is that the economic problems consequent to a withdrawal of foreign loans pose a far greater threat to the South African economy than the loss of foreign direct investment. We assume that disinvestment is not accompanied by any official trade embargo, and the controversy surrounding the relationship between economic growth and social and political change in South Africa is ignored.     

浅谈设计的力量对经济的影响

艺术设计在当今社会越来越重要,设计和经济互为促动,强调设计就必须以市场作为导向,否则设计就显得苍白无力。而设计和经济的相结合和互动,也不应该是局限于纯设计的范畴,因为设计的最终目的是结合人和社会的需求,从而推动经历的发展和繁荣。     

循环经济对我国对外贸易的影响

在经济全球化的发展过程中,关税壁垒作用日趋削弱,包括"绿色壁垒"在内的非关税壁垒日益凸显.这些非关税壁垒,对中国发展对外贸易,特别是扩大出口产生了很大的影响.面对日益严峻的非关税壁垒,中国要高度重视,积极应对,尤其是要全面推进清洁生产,大力发展循环经济,逐步使中国产品符合资源、环保等方面的国际标准.     

Internal migration and external benefit: The impact of labor migration on the wage structure in urban China

China provides a unique experience of massive internal (within-country) migration but with high segregation of jobs between migrants and natives. Thus, migration has a complementary external effect on native wages: the elasticities of complementarity of migrants are about 31.7%, 20.3%, and 19.9% for native workers with a college, high school and less than high school education, respectively. After the wage is deflated by the housing price, the elasticities decline to 11%, 8.2% and −4.4% for the respective education groups, which provides the lower-bound analysis results. In addition, migration has widened wage dispersion, as well as increasing the education premium and residual inequality. The elasticity of substitution in jobs between migrants and natives is very low due to the hukou restriction, and increasing proportions of migrants in any given labor force widen the migrant/native wage gap. Job segregation is an important factor that explains particular labor market findings in China.     

The political economy of gambling in a neocolonial economy

Conclusion This study has attempted to show the entrenched character of parasitic capitalism in the form of gambling in the Jamaican economy on a scale that massively but painlessly redistributes income from the working class to the petite bourgeoisie. It speaks to a dimension of class exploitation that is often ignored in the focus on large multinational corporations and has parallels in the parasitic forms of capitalism that exploit the black community in the United States. Parasitic capitalism is seen as promoting a form of false class consciousness that seeks outlets to class frustrations in precapitalist illusions of luck and chance that feed the coffers of the grasping petite bourgeoisie with hard-earned working class wage incomes. The data and findings point clearly to the need to either eliminate parasitic capitalist activities such as gambling or alternatively remove it from the control of the petite bourgeoisie and convert the capital accumulated to community and mass-oriented development and social projects.     

做好再生资源回收利用工作发展循环经济

再生资源回收利用是关系国家实现可持续发展战略的重大问题，它对发展循环经济，减少环境污染，提高社会和经济效益，促进经济增长方式的转变具有重要意义。     

奥运概念与环渤海经济的崛起

一、环渤海经济开放区的发展优势 环渤海经济开放区是指以辽东半岛、山东半岛、京津冀为主的环渤海滨海经济带，同时延伸可辐射到山西、辽宁、山东及内蒙古中、东部盟市，整个大的范围占据中国国土的12％和人口的20％。环渤海经济开放区是继长江三角洲、珠江三角洲经济开放区后，经济增长最迅猛，最发达，最有活力的地区。     

论温州文化的消极因素及其对温州经济进化影响

以往的研究夸大了温州文化对"温州模式"的正面影响,诚然,"温州模式"的形成离不开温州文化的推动,但是温州文化中的负面因素被淡化了,这实际上不利于"温州模式"的进一步发展。温州文化特点决定温州的改革是渐进式的,也将决定"温州模式"的变迁是一个艰难漫长的过程。     

苏畅：高油价对中国经济的影响

日前,申银万国证券研究所首席分析师苏畅博士从几方面探讨了当前国际油价高企对中国经济短期波动和长期增长影响。     

循环经济:有色金属工业可持续发展的必然选择--有色金属行业循环经济现场交流会取得重大成效

[本刊讯]由国家发展与改革委员会、中国有色金属工业协会联合主办,中国铝业公司、中国有色金属工业协会再生金属分会共同承办的"有色金属行业循环经济现场交流会"于2005年9月13～14日在中国铝业公司中州铝业隆重召开.国家发展与改革委员会副主任姜伟新、河南省副省长史济春、中国有色金属工业协会会长康义、副会长王恭敏、中国铝业公司总经理肖亚庆、河南省经贸委主任张大卫、焦作市市长毛超峰、国家发改委环境和资源综合利用司司长赵家荣、副司长周长益,部分省市经贸委负责同志、行业专家、国内大型铝有色金属企业和再生利用企业以及中铝下属主要企业的负责人出席了交流会.     

The impact of parental migration on non-cognitive abilities of left behind children in northwestern China

Despite the vast literature surrounding various aspects of left behind children (LBC)’s development in China, very few studies have examined the development of, and impact on their non-cognitive abilities as a result of parental migration. Using survey data consisting of 5002 eighth graders from 160 middle schools in northwestern China, this paper investigates how parental migration affects children’s non-cognitive abilities, as is measured by Big Five components of conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, and openness, as well as children’s grit. We narrow our analysis to long run and short run migration subsamples and use the propensity score matching method to address the potential selection bias issue. Our results show that mother’s migration is particularly harmful to the development of children’s non-cognitive abilities, as mother is usually the primary caregiver and mother’s migration makes less economic contribution to the family. In the long run, LBC with migrant mother tend to have lower levels of conscientiousness and grit; they also have higher level of neuroticism (or lower level of emotional stability). In the short run, when mother migrates, children tend to have lower levels of conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness.     

The local economic impact of construction projects in a small and relatively self-contained economy: The case of Lancaster University

Whilst the local multiplier impacts of the annual operation of universities has been the subject of intensive research, the economic impacts of capital construction projects have been almost completely ignored. This paper presents the results of detailed analysis of capital projects at Lancaster University in 1993-The reasons for the radically different annual operation and construction multipliers estimated in the Lancaster study are examined. Despite the smaller size of construction multipliers it is argued that it is a serious mistake to estimate local construction multipliers by making simplifying assumptions on the size of the key parameters in the multiplier equations.