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The article presents the labour relations evolutions in five sectors (postal services, telecommunications, electricity, railways, air transport) and in six countries (Great Britain, Germany, Sweden, Italy, Spain and France).
True convergences appear in the management and administration of employment, in human resources management and in social law. However, sectoral diversities exist and national specificities remain strong: each country 's situation is marked by different national traditions and influenced by the States' choices. The State appears as a key actor of changes, too often forgotten.
Trades union resistance, which varies considerably according to country, represents an important risk for enterprises if they lead to the postponement of necessary changes. But it may also be the chance to ask the right questions, among which are: the future of public utilities in Europe, the possibility of considering a social project for public services enterprises, the place of law in social regulation and the labour law evolution. The choice is doubtless between a pure adjustment of the market law and "a re-institution of the labour law" by changing the central reference from the employee to a worker having the right to move from one work situation to another (A. Supiot).  相似文献   

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This study uses accounting data stemming from 80 credit unions affiliated to the Fédération des caisses populaires acadiennes to estimate a multi-product translog cost function with the aim to test for the presence of scale and scope economies. The cost model relies on the production approach and the financial services are gathered in four categories of products. The model is completed by three inputs and one control variable, the latter being used to capture the heterogeneity of costs arising from the average wealth of membership. Since the estimated output elasticity of the total cost, 0.89, is statistically less than one, the models detect quite important scale economies. As to scope economies, they are present but the coefficients are weakly significant.  相似文献   

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Harrison JP  McLane CG 《Nursing economic$》2005,23(5):223-32, 211
In this quantitative research study, the organizational characteristics, market factors, and profitability of U.S. acute care hospitals that provide the highest intensity of trauma services are assessed. Results indicate these hospitals are larger, have a higher occupancy rate, higher expenses per discharge, and a lower length of stay. Hospitals with Level 1 trauma centers have a positive return on assets. The study has managerial implications associated with individual hospital performance and policy implications on resource allocation.  相似文献   

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Studies that demonstrate the economic value of the ecosystem services provided by public conservation lands can contribute to a more accurate appraisal of the benefit of these lands. The objective of this study was to estimate the economic value, in real (2004) dollars, of the ecosystem services provided by the U.S. National Wildlife Refuge System (Refuge System) in the contiguous U.S. In order to estimate this value, we determined the ecosystems present on the Refuge System in the contiguous 48 states, the proportion in which they are represented, and the dollar value of services provided by each. We used land cover classes as an approximation of ecosystems present in the Refuge System. In a geographic information system (GIS), we combined land cover geospatial data with a map of the Refuge System boundaries to calculate the number of acres for each refuge and land cover class within the Refuge System. We transferred values for the following ecosystem services: climate and atmospheric gas regulation; disturbance prevention; freshwater regulation and supply; waste assimilation and nutrient regulation; and habitat provision. We conducted a central tendency value transfer by transferring averaged values taken from primarily original site studies to the Refuge System based on the ecoregion in which each study site and refuge was located and the ecoregion's relative net primary productivity (NPP). NPP is a parameter used to quantify the net carbon absorption rate by living plants, and has been shown to be correlated with spatially fungible ecosystem services. The methodologies used in the site studies included direct market valuation, indirect market valuation and contingent valuation. We estimated the total value of ecosystem services provided by the Refuge System in the contiguous U.S. to be approximately $26.9 billion/year. This estimate is a first cut attempt to demonstrate that the value of the Refuge System likely exceeds the value derived purely from recreational activities. Due to limitations of current understanding, methods and data, there is a potentially large margin of error associated with the estimate.  相似文献   

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