日本城市蔓延及治理

日本在二战后经历了高速经济增长和快速城市化,出现了城市蔓延现象.在日本,城市蔓延一般是指缺少公共服务地、向邻近非城市区域弥漫式扩展,这种开发模式是地方政府在实施城市规划中对发展的企业、土地持有者和中央政府等做出让步的结果,并产生了高额社会成本、财政成本和土地成本.虽然日本城市规划者将土地重整视为城市规划之母和抑制城市蔓延的有效手段,但并未达到预期效果.最近日本政府提出建设紧凑城市的政策,旨在降低小汽车依赖性和重新繁荣市中心以应对不断减少的人口和快速老龄化.     

Unveiling Urban Sprawl in the Mediterranean Region: Towards a Latent Urban Transformation?

The relationship between form and function in European Mediterranean cities has been widely addressed from various perspectives. A number of studies indicate that, until the 1980s, compactness was a key trait of several cities of the Northern Mediterranean. However, after the ‘compact growth’ period, these cities experienced patterns of urbanization that differed from their traditional trends. Since the 1990s, sprawl, coupled with population decline in the inner cities, has become the main pattern of urban development. This article explores the key features of exurban development in the Mediterranean region in order to provide material for a discussion based on the differences and similarities in the characteristics of sprawl processes originating in the US and Northern Europe. It concludes that any debate on policy responses to sprawl must be specifically formulated according to the scope, administrative level, housing and planning system, territorial and socioeconomic characteristics of the urban system under examination. It is our belief that sprawl requires site‐specific analyses and policy strategies for the region being studied if the process is to be effectively controlled.     

Dynamics of urban sprawl and sustainable development in China

Compared with the rich literature on urban sprawl in Western cities, relatively little is known of the driving factors, processes, and future trends of urban sprawl in China. This research analyzes the socioeconomic forces behind two parts of urban sprawl in China: urban decentralization and urban renewal, and reveals two basic characteristics of Chinese urban sprawl: de-densification and expansion of urbanized areas. It uses the term “urban sprawl” to consider the reasons behind urban transformation on a regional level in China. This research begins with definitions of sprawl in Western and Eastern countries, and follows with a dynamic analysis of the social, political, and cultural aspects of sprawl. Three case studies focus on three urban regions in China: Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. This research provides a comprehensive definition of “urban sprawl” in China, identifies the patterns of urban sprawl and growth, and indicates possible alternative strategies for urban expansion. Finally, it offers suggestions on how to effectively control urban sprawl in China, and provides a pathway to achieving sustainable development.     

“流”视角的长春市蔓延特征与作用机理分析

各种"流"是城市内在空间结构组织的微观主体,为城市蔓延特征及其作用机理的分析提供了一个更为动态、微观和系统的分析视角。据此,基于"流"视角,以长春市为例,运用弹性系数测度其蔓延程度,用紧凑度、破碎度和轴带扩展度分析其蔓延扩展方式,并从产业、空间结构、体制环境和地理区位的演变等方面透视了"流"之于长春市蔓延的作用机理。最后从政府绩效考核体系、征地制度、分税制、财政转移支付等视角提出对策措施。     

城市边缘区乡村旅游地城市化进程研究——以成都三圣花乡为例

土地、经济、人口、社会和景观犹如几个巨大的齿轮相互契合着,形成推动乡村城市化进程的动力和重要的权衡要素,是研究中国乡村城市化问题的共同关注要素。在城市边缘区这个同时兼具自然特性和社会特性,城市和乡村激烈碰撞的空间地带里,乡村旅游以一种新兴的姿态切入其中,形成一条充满活力的经济线索将土地、经济和人口社会等要素串联成一部拉动乡村发展的巨大机器。本文以成都城市边缘区的乡村旅游地三圣花乡为对象,通过观察其发展历程中的土地、经济、人口和景观变革来透视旅游经济作用下的乡村城市化进程。变革的结果表明,在城市边缘区乡村地带发生的乡村旅游并非是乡村抵御城市的有力防线,而是通过一种非工业化的路径创建了乡村向城市过渡的新模式。     

住房自有率与城市蔓延：理论与实证

通过构建一个包含住房租赁市场的封闭、单中心城市一般均衡模型，模型化了住房自有率与城市蔓延之间的关系，理论模型结论显示：首先，与自有住房者相比，租房者倾向于居住在离市中心较近的地方；其次，住房自有率的提高会使城市空间面积扩大，加剧城市蔓延。进一步，利用地级市数据分别对理论命题结论进行了检验，在比较充分地控制内生性问题后，实证结果证实了高住房自有率会加剧城市蔓延。因此，长期以来我国不断升高的住房自有率也是加剧我国城市蔓延的重要原因。     

Fragmentation in Urban Movements: The Role of Urban Planning Processes

Urban plans and projects that aim to initiate the redevelopment and gentrification of urban areas create social and ecological pressures on urban environments and thereby stimulate urban movements. These movements have a lifespan, which evolves in interaction with planning authorities under local or central governments and may be marked by institutionalization and co‐optation, as well as fragmentation among the people involved in them. Fragmentations are usually based on conflicting individual and collective interests, but may also be the result of different political perspectives in groups. This article is based on a case study conducted in two adjacent gecekondu neighbourhoods of Istanbul, Gülsuyu and Gülensu, where urban politics have played an important role in efforts to resist plans for urban transformation. It shows that fragmentations are very likely to occur in urban movements during planning processes in a neoliberal era, owing to the different perspectives in the movement on what the just city is.     

Class diversification,economic growth and urban sprawl: evidences from a pre-crisis European city

Economic expansion indirectly promotes class diversification at the neighbourhood scale with a consequent reduction of social divides at the regional scale. To verify this working hypothesis, the present study investigates class diversification at both spatial scales in a Mediterranean city (Athens, Greece) using the European Socioeconomic Classification based on population census data referring to 1991–2001, a phase of economic expansion and intense urban sprawl preceding the 2004 Olympic games. Results of multivariate analysis and diversity indexes outline a local-scale social mix associated to suburban expansion, and regional-scale class segregation, reflecting an increasing polarization in affluent and economically deprived urban districts. The contrasting pattern at the two spatial scales results in a complex social geography with class diversification and moderate changes over time in the economic spatial divide between urban and neighbouring rural areas. These findings contribute to design scale-dependent policies reducing social inequalities and improving quality of life in urban areas. Future paths for socio-spatial processes were delineated for sprawling metropolitan regions under economic expansion and discussed in the light of future demographic trends in both developed and emerging countries.     

科学发展观背景下城市公共治理的挑战与对策

在科学发展观背景下我国城市发展面临新要求、新导向和新约束,目前大规模、高速度的城市化已不能适应新形势的需要.如何因地制宜,探索可持续城市化的道路是每个城市政府必须面对的机遇和挑战.本文着重探讨目前我国城市发展公共治理体制方面的问题,认为影响可持续城市发展的体制因素包括国家目标和政绩考核对发展的要求、城市政府的财政压力、以及对城市政府资源配置权缺乏有效制约.针对以上问题,论文以公共治理创新的角度,从国家制度建设和地方实践两个方面提出实现新型、可持续城市化模式政策建议.     

城市边缘区大型公共设施的规划

本文从大型公共设施在边缘区发展的影响因素入手 ,借鉴、分析国外的经验和教训 ,研究大型公共设施的建设与城市演变的关系 ,提出大型公共设施的建设应从城市发展战略、城市交通体系与政策、城市经济与环境以及城市建筑设计等多角度进行综合一体化规划设计 ,并以此促进城市重要建设项目的规划选址、规模布局、建筑计划等工作程序进一步规范和完善     

Leapfrogging, Urban Sprawl, and Growth Management: Phoenix, 1950–2000

Through a case study of Phoenix, Arizona, this paper examines how urban sprawl is linked to opportunities for capital gains. It focuses on "leapfrogging," in which developers skip over properties to obtain land at a lower price further out despite the existence of utilities and other infrastructure that could serve the bypassed parcels. The paper examines patterns of growth since 1950 and planners' efforts to structure that growth. It discusses two programs that addressed consequences of leapfrogging: development impact fees to help pay for infrastructure costs of new development and an Infill Housing Program to encourage residential development on vacant land. It concludes with a brief discussion of the future of growth management in Phoenix.     

从"城市蔓延"到"理性增长"——美国土地利用方式之转变

从美国郊区化与城市蔓延的典型特征入手,简要回顾了理性增长产生的背景.在此基础上,从内城贫困、居住隔离、空间失衡和公正健康四个层面分析了城市蔓延引发的社会及经济后果.随后就若干论点介绍了城市蔓延与理性增长之间的理论之争.最后借鉴美国经验教训,对我国城市化道路和土地利用模式展开思考,认为要转变方式,树立科学的区域发展观;借鉴西方城市健康的分析框架,努力探索"健康城市规划";充分发挥规划政策在应对城市土地利用问题的综合调控作用;公平公正,追求社会稳定和谐,发挥政府力量对市场扭曲的矫正作用.     

职住平衡的研究回顾及观点综述

就业-居住平衡是西方城市规划界在与"城市病"做斗争的过程中形成的一种规划理念,并在20世纪80年代的美国转变为一些地方政府解决交通拥堵和空气污染的政策.从就业-居住平衡的涵义和测度开始,简要回顾了这一理念的形成和发展过程及其政策转向,重点梳理了西方学者对就业-居住平衡政策有效性和实现途径的不同观点,总结出其对中国城市空间结构研究和城市规划的启示,以期引起国内学者对这一问题的研究和讨论,共同为中国城市在市场化过程中的空间结构调整探索出一条具有中国特色的道路.     

METRASYS:可持续发展下的城市交通解决方案

城市交通环境影响的探索和研究是摆在我们面前的一个重要课题。城市交通在带给人们出行方便的同时,也带来了诸如大气污染,交通拥挤,资源消耗等诸多问题,本文从可持续发展的角度出发介绍了合肥的METRASYS项目的内容,该项目的主要任务是为现有和未来的都市开发制定具可持续性的出行方案,希望借此为中国建设可持续发展的城市和交通提供有用的信息。     

西方城市蔓延治理路径演变分析

在阐述西方城市蔓延发生背景的基础上,系统分析了西方治理城市蔓延的路径及其变迁.     

大城市边缘区演化发展中的矛盾及对策——基于广州市案例的探讨

在辨析边缘区概念发展的基础上,指出边缘区已成为大城市发展的核心空间,实质上承担了大都市"自上而下"的空间外拓和撤市(县)设区后"自下而上"式的城镇蔓延.通过分析大城市边缘区的演化,归纳了演化要素、结构模式、管理方式、空间边界等若干要素和特征,并提出对"边缘区"内涵的补充.由此展开对广州市案例的研究,从空间形态、产业发展、土地利用、规划管理多方面分析二元发展的矛盾及深层原因,并进一步探索新发展背景下大城市边缘区治理体系建构的合理模式.     

日本城市管理中的地方自治及对中国的启示--以东京为例

以东京为例,首先简要回溯东京都市制度的演变历程,随后进一步探讨日本城市管理体制的核心内容:中央政府与地方城市的关系及权限分配,指明当代日本城市政府在中央集权下“有限自治”、“多种自治模式混和”的特征,并在详细分析了东京城市自治体制的设置与职能基础上,讨论对我国城市管理的若干启示。     

‘Give Me a Laboratory and I Will Lower Your Carbon Footprint!’ — Urban Laboratories and the Governance of Low‐Carbon Futures

The increasing threat of climate change has created a pressing need for cities to lower their carbon footprints. Urban laboratories are emerging in numerous cities around the world as a strategy for local governments to partner with public and private property owners to reduce carbon emissions, while simultaneously stimulating economic growth. In this article, we use insights from laboratory studies to analyse the notion of urban laboratories as they relate to experimental governance, the carbonization agenda and the transition to low‐carbon economies. We present a case study of the Oxford Road corridor in Manchester in the UK that is emerging as a low‐carbon urban laboratory, with important policy implications for the city's future. The corridor is a bounded space where a public‐private partnership comprised of the City Council, two universities and other large property owners is redeveloping the physical infrastructure and installing monitoring equipment to create a recursive feedback loop intended to facilitate adaptive learning. This low‐carbon urban laboratory represents a classic sustainable development formula for coupling environmental protection with economic growth, using innovation and partnership as principal drivers. However, it also has significant implications in reworking the interplay of knowledge production and local governance, while reinforcing spatial differentiation and uneven participation in urban development.     

物业税与城市蔓延之关系研究述评

对城市蔓延的相关问题作了简要综述,并重点介绍了研究物业税与城市蔓延间关系的国内外文献。物业税与城市蔓延的理论研究和实证分析都说明,物业税与城市空间形态特别是城市规模之间存在着紧密的联系。指出应当从城市资源空间配置的角度开展更多物业税方面的研究,并在中国现有房地产市场中实践。     

中国城市住宅市场的结构差异性分析

市场价商品房、经济适用住房和廉租房构成了目前中国城市住宅市场的供应体系.依据中国30个主要城市的房地产开发统计数据,选择吸纳率作为评价住宅市场供需均衡状态的指标,利用固定影响变截距模型,重点研究了商品房和经济适用住房供给结构的城市差异性.研究发现,在城市住宅市场中,经济适用住房市场和商品房市场具有很强的相关性.作为具有政府资助性质的经济适用住房建设,存在典型的地域性特征,其政策的设定和实施会对整个住宅市场产生影响,地方政府应在利用比较全面的住宅市场指标体系进行综合分析基础上,制定适合本地的经济适用住房政策.