Measuring Global Economic Interdependence: A Hierarchical Network Approach

This paper investigates the business cycle co‐movement across countries and regions since 1950 as a measure for quantifying the economic interdependence in the ongoing globalisation process. Our methodological approach is based on analysis of a correlation matrix and the networks it contains. Such an approach summarises the interaction and interdependence of all elements, and it represents a more accurate measure of the global interdependence involved in an economic system. Our results show (1) the dynamics of interdependence has been driven more by synchronisation in regional growth patterns than by the synchronisation of the world economy, and (2) world crisis periods dramatically increase the global co‐movement in the world economy.     

中国石化董事长傅成玉被推举为首任轮值主席 联合国全球契约中国网络在北京成立

2011年11月28日，联合国全球契约组织正式授权中国企业联合会和中国石化牵头成立全球契约中国网络并在北京举行成立大会。联合国全球契约组织总干事乔治·科尔、联合国开发计划署国别副主任森本秋绘以及外交部、国务院国有资产管理委员会等国家部委领导出席会议并致辞。联合国全球契约理事会理事、中国企业联合会常务副会长兼理事长李德成主持会议。联合国全球契约理事会理事、中国石化董事长傅成玉被推举为全球契约中国网络主席团首任轮值主席。     

Weaving network theory into effectuation: A multi-level reconceptualization of effectual dynamics

This paper positions effectuation as a network-driving and network dependent phenomenon and suggests that understanding networks and network processes is essential to understanding the dynamics of effectuation. We argue that the implementation of effectuation is influenced by the nodal, relational, and structural characteristics of pre-existing and emerging networks, and by the processes through which these networks come about. We use these arguments to develop a multi-level, multi-theoretical reconceptualization of effectuation that provides for distributed agency and collective cognition of network members. We allow for the simultaneous and interactional use of effectual and causal logics, as well as the co-construction of knowledge, identity, and social capital within and across network levels. Our model also addresses changing uncertainty as opportunities develop, nuances of effectual interactions, and evolving market dynamics. Our propositions and reflections offer directions for further studies at the intersection of network and effectuation research.Executive summaryThere is little doubt that effectuation is reshaping how we think about entrepreneurial cognition and behavior. A core argument is that under conditions of uncertainty, entrepreneurs can co-create opportunities by collaborating with other willful agents. This moves us away from classical views of entrepreneurship and positions effectuation as a network-driving and network-dependent phenomenon. Yet, recent debate highlights that effectuation research has paid insufficient attention to the network of external parties involved. As a result, although the extant model of effectuation recognizes the importance of networks, our understanding of the relationship between effectual logic and entrepreneurial networks is far from complete.Several theoretically important and practically relevant questions arise from this knowledge gap. For example if we think about network development, how are potential stakeholders brought to mind and persuaded to commit if end-points and stakeholder preferences are both unknowable? What are the characteristics (i.e. structure, content and governance) of the networks that emerge through these commitments? Reciprocally, how do the characteristics of the emerging network influence effectual processes and outcomes?In this paper, we begin to address this line of questioning by considering effectuation not only at the level of the individual but also through lenses reflective of the three levels of analysis commonly adopted in network research: i) dyadic relationships, ii) the entrepreneurial network, and iii) the market more generally. While we attend to pre-existing networks (the constitution of which is likely to affect the probability of adopting effectual logic), our focus is on linking the individual and emerging networks across these levels.At the level of the individual, we break from prior effectuation research and ascribe new and influential roles to entrepreneurial ideas and instrumental mindsets in focusing an entrepreneur's attention on particular relationships (i.e. the cognitive activation of a cohesive network involving interested and persuadable individuals). At the level of the dyad, we suggest the very nature of interactions between actors can influence individual choice of logic. We specify that stakeholders will expect signs of process legitimacy (e.g. cognitive flexibility on the part of the entrepreneur) before making effectual commitments. We also move away from assumptions about altruistic behavior to suggest that power and influence will accrue to stakeholders whose resources are at risk and/or perceived by others to resolve uncertainty. At the level of the entrepreneurial network, we link effectuation to a brokerage orientation (tertius iungens) that enhances inclusiveness surrounding means and collective cognition. Moreover, we move beyond the narrow view of facilitating and constraining factors portrayed in the effectuation literature to argue that (e.g.) i) with respect to network content, resource specificity will shape possible futures; ii) with respect to governance, trust, supported by social mechanisms will predominate; and, iii) with respect to structure, specific network characteristics will be more supportive of certain aspects of effectuation than others (e.g. cohesive networks are more supportive of collaboration, but may limit the flexibility needed to embrace contingencies). At the market level, we posit that on the one hand, institutions will shape effectual processes. On the other hand, effectual processes are more likely than causal processes to create new institutions and/or supplant existing institutions.Overall, our study contributes to the understanding of both effectuation and networks by offering a multi-level, multi-theoretical re-conceptualization of the dynamics of effectuation. Our arguments should spur research in at least three interdependent areas: i) uncertainty and individual cognition; ii) network processes surrounding interactions and commitments; and iii) the contingent effects of network characteristics on effectuation. For practitioners, our insights should help shape thoughts about i) who to interact with in the face of uncertainty; ii) what stories to tell and how to deal with image management; iii) what to expect during negotiations; iv) how to broker relationships to enhance the ‘co’ in ‘co-creation’; and moreover, v) what network characteristics might facilitate or constrain their efforts.     

A Global MBA for Tomorrow's Global Business Leaders

Abstract

Traditional IB programs have received mixed reviews from the corporate world. With this in mind, the Suffolk GMBA was benchmarked against the leading international business programs. The Suffolk GMBA was designed to be different and to ascertain the global environment in which business operates. A unique feature of the GMBA curriculum detailed in this article is the combination of Boston's international business locational advantage with functional integration of the many disciplines that make international business unique. Borrowing components from the fields of economics, government and politics, finance, marketing, ethics, and law, a curriculum matrix was developed identifying and sequencing the key topics to be taught. The authors also explain potential pitfalls and outline a model which can be successfully implemented in other graduate international business programs. This program is shaping the thoughts and actions of tomorrow's global business leaders through its integrative decision-making framework of global perspectives and competencies.     

全球FTA网络形成机制研究

自20世纪90年代中期以来,全球范围内出现了缔结自由贸易协定(FTA)的浪潮,形成了错综复杂的网络化发展趋势.本文旨在从复杂网络角度对全球FTA的形成机制进行研究.首先通过构建全球FTA网络,对其网络特征进行描述性统计和分析.此后利用离散选择模型进行计量分析,结果发现除传统的地理和经济因素外,FTA的网络结构特征也是其形成与演化的重要原因,而且加入制度、语言和历史文化等因素进行敏感性分析,证实模型的结果非常稳健.最后是全文的结论及对中国的启示性意义.     

基于社会网络方法的全球贸易双环流研究

自"一带一路"倡议提出以来,中国与"一带一路"沿线国家(地区)的合作进程逐渐加深,经济贸易发展取得了一系列成果,中国在全球贸易网络中的地位和模式也呈现出了一系列新的特点。为了进一步探究这些新特征、新变化对中国对外开放格局的影响,促进全方位、多层次、复合型全球贸易互联互通网络的构建,实现各国合作共赢、共同发展,本文引入社会网络的分析方法对全球贸易网络进行刻画分析发现:(1)当前全球贸易网络中存在着大量复杂的中间品及最终品贸易关系,且两者显示出非对称的结构特点。(2)中国在中间品及最终品贸易网络中均扮演着重要角色,形成了"8字"双循环的全球贸易模式。中国与大量上环流国家存在密切的中间品贸易往来并主要以中间品出口方的角色活跃于上环流贸易圈中;在下环流国家中,中国则主要出口最终品,并与下环流国家形成了显著的贸易互补关系。(3)从细分产业来看,中国的"8"字双环流贸易模式主要依赖于第二产业。在第一产业及第三产业中并未表现出明显的"8"字双环流贸易模式,其贸易对象以发达国家为主。     

Localization: A Global Manifesto

Localization: A Global Manifesto. Ed. by Colin Hines (2000). London. Published by Earthscan Publishing. ISBN 1‐85383‐612‐5 (softcover). In Canada, the book is available from http://www.renoufbooks.com for Can$29.00. In the UK, the book is available at http://www.earthscan.co.uk for £10.99 or earthinfo@earthscan.co.uk     

内部资源、全球网络联结与本土企业升级

主流企业升级理论研究具有两种视角,一种强调企业内部资源禀赋的重要性,另一种强调作为网络资源的外部网络环境的重要性.本文融合资源基础观和社会网络观,对全球生产网络背景下企业内部资源、网络联结与升级之间的关系进行实证分析.结果表明:内部资源与本土企业升级正相关,业务关系嵌入性对基础类资源与企业升级间关系存在显著调节作用,但全球网络联结对本土企业升级并未产生直接影响.本研究的研究结论对于本土企业在全球背景下进行内部资源的积累和网络联结的构建具有一定的指导意义.     

基于PageRank算法的中间品全球贸易网络格局演变分析

2008年金融危机以来,"逆全球化"抬头,全球贸易出现了向欧美等发达经济体回流的趋势。中间品贸易是全球贸易的先行"晴雨表",本文利用OECD地区间投入产出表,基于PageRank算法对中间品贸易的关键节点进行识别,并采用社会网络分析方法对1995~2014年中间品贸易格局的动态演变进行分析。研究发现,发达经济体在全球贸易体系中的地位逐渐下降,但其始终在高新技术领域占据着有利地位;发展中经济体在全球贸易体系中的地位有所上升,正在成为推动全球化的中坚力量,但由于其发展时间短且贸易伙伴相对单一,在全球贸易中的参与度仍有待提升。     

刘军 破解梦想的行者

<正>世界上的旅游胜地都有自己独特的定位:巴黎的定位是"浪漫",罗马推销的是"永恒",韩国的口号是"炫动"。而新加坡的口号是"非常新加坡",模糊的定位不足以留下鲜明的印象。懂得定位者有可能分得市场的蛋糕;反之,就可能成为消费者心中"被遗忘的存在"。     

A Global Code of Business Ethics

The international economy is changing at a rapid rate. The alteration and reduction of both geographical and political borders, coupled with the growing interdependence of socially, politically, economically, and legally diverse countries, have caused multinational corporate entities to revise various policies. These revisions include revisions in marketing strategies, strategic alliances, product and service strategies and, perhaps most importantly as it affects all strategies, a MNC's approach to ethical systems. The truly global company must come to grips with the legal and moral atmosphere in which it operates. The concept of moral rights, those transcending legal or political rights, drives us to review four international codes of conduct and to attempt to develop one international uniform code that might be applicable to any business, in any country or culture.     

國際反壟斷法的現狀及其發展

随着国际经济一体化的发展,特别是在世界贸易组织体制内国际贸易和国际经济自由化的迅速发展,本来属于国内法事项的反垄断问题越来越成为国际经济自由化进程中的一个迫切需要解决的问题,这也是为什么一些发达国家要求将这一问题列入到世贸组织国际贸易回合谈判中去的原因.弄清楚国际反垄断法的特点及其发展,有利于我国入世时对这个问题有一个清醒的认识并采取相应的对策.     

A New Era for Global Business

Asia Society is the leading global organization working to .strengthen relationship and promote understanding among the people, leaders, and institutions of Asia and the U.S. Every year the Society presents a high-profile Corporate Conference in a selected city in Asia to examine the implications of macroeconomic trends and geopolitical developments for the region and the world. It provides a leading forum for executives to meet the policymakers and business leaders who shape the Asia Pacific business environment.     

基于全球价值链网络的软件外包国际市场进入模式

本文从分析软件外包分工价值链体系入手,进而梳理软件外包全球生产网络体系以及在该体系下的活动主体。在此基础上,总结出软件外包地方生产网络中的企业进入国际市场的一般模式有基于契约方式的分包合同、战略联盟合同和交钥匙合同、基于投资方式的绿地投资、股权投资和合资企业设立等几种方式。最后例证分析了印度成功开拓国际市场的成功经验。     

Global Sustainability Governance and the UN Global Compact: A Rejoinder to Critics

This article takes the critique by Sethi and Schepers (J Bus Ethics, 2013, in this thematic symposium) as a starting point for discussing the United Nations (UNs) Global Compact. While acknowledging the relevance of some of their arguments, we emphasize that a number of their claims remain arguable and are partly misleading. We start by discussing the limits of their proposed framework to classify voluntary initiatives for corporate sustainability and responsibility. Next, we show how a greater appreciation of the historical and political context of the UN Global Compact puts several of their claims into perspective. Finally, we demonstrate that the alleged promise–performance gap rests on a selected and one-sided reading of the initiative. We close by pointing to some challenges that the initiative needs to address in the future.     

A Framework for Assessing Global Imbalances1

Since the mid‐1990s and prior to the financial crisis external balances of systemically important economies widened significantly. This paper takes a long‐run perspective and reviews the main determinants of widening global imbalances. To this aim, we first provide a set of newly derived statistical measures: while large external imbalances are not new in economic history, their persistence, their concentration on one economy (the United States) and the specific role of emerging market economies make the present episode rather unique. Second, we argue that the observed pattern of imbalances can be mostly understood as a result of various structural changes in the global economy, which have allowed a widening trend of external positions. Three main features set the most recent period apart from past episodes of growing external imbalances: (i) the emergence of new players, in particular emerging market economies such as China and India, which are quickly catching up with the advanced economies; (ii) an unprecedented wave of financial globalisation, with more integrated global financial markets and increasing opportunities for international portfolio diversification, also characterised by considerable asymmetries in the level of market completeness across countries; and (iii) the favourable global macroeconomic and financial environment, with record high global growth rates in recent years, low financial market volatility and easy global financing conditions over a long period of time, running until the outburst of the financial crisis during the summer of 2007. These structural changes that have been supplemented by cyclical or policy‐induced factors ultimately facilitated the sudden, disorderly unwinding of global imbalances that is reflected in the current financial crisis.     

Total Global Strategy: A Review Article

After ten years of case research and experience, George Yip in Total Global Strategy, has written a no-nonsense practitioner's guide to decision-taking in a borderless market. He deals with criteria of choice of suitable product, location, marketing and global organisation. He shows how to add up costs and benefits and how to carry out a global strategic analysis. The book passes with merit most of seven tests one can apply to it. Doubts remain about whether the case examples prove anything and about the rather cursory treatment of competition. The book's hidden message is that the title is a misnomer: global strategy is never total.     

中国加工贸易升级状况分析:基于全球生产网络视角

本文将加工贸易置于全球生产网络背景之下,在系统界定加工贸易升级内涵的基础上,依据问卷调查结果和相关资料,从产业与产品、价值链、企业能力、企业网络地位、关联与外溢效应等方面对我国加工贸易升级状况进行了分析。结果表明,我国加工贸易已经形成了比较好的升级态势,但总体上仍处于低等级供应商和劳动密集型或非差异化加工为主的阶段,面临进一步升级的严峻挑战。