转型国家公共行政改革:中国与俄罗斯的比较研究

转型国家在经济体制改革的推动下,公共行政面临着政府功能需要转变、以公民为中心的治理系统亟待完善等共性问题。社会政治生态、经济生态、文化生态的进步挑战着公共行政的民主质量,对公共行政体系构建和公共管理方式转变提出来更高的要求,同时培养了包容性领导并促使公共服务趋向高效、透明与责任。中国与俄罗斯地缘政治的相似性决定了改革过程中的内容、影响因素、特点等诸多方面存在相似性,通过两者比较研究,对我国进一步推动行公共行政改革提供借鉴。     

东欧转型国家劳动市场制度改革的效果与启示

在众多劳动市场制度类型中,欧洲模式堪称典范。东欧转型国家的劳动市场制度改革即以此为目标,其改革效果为我们学习欧洲模式提供了前车之鉴。从形式上看,转型国家在就业保护、劳动财税和工会制度等方面已经与欧洲模式非常相似,但实际效果却大相径庭,劳动力市场出现了与欧洲相反的变化,劳动力管理模式也出现了前东欧模式和前苏联模式的分化。其中的原因是双方的经济基础不同、制度背景各异。中国的劳动市场制度改革应当因地制宜,兼顾安全性与灵活性的平衡,避免重蹈转型国家的覆辙。     

中国与前苏联、东欧转型国家居民收入差距变化的比较

20世纪末期以来,中国与前苏联、东欧转型国家的居民收入差距都发生了较大的变化。中国居民收入差距的变化有与其他经济转型国家相同的方面,也有不同于其他经济转型国家的方面。对中国与前苏联、东欧经济转型国家居民收入差距的变化进行比较研究具有一定的启示意义。     

党政科层体系:制度-关系视野下的政党治理与国家治理

党政科层体系是中国之制的最主要特征,也是中国之治取得瞩目成就的重要原因之一.制度-关系框架是对本土研究传统的理论拓展,基于制度-关系的分析视角,党政科层体系体现了中国共产党在百年发展历程中不断融入并优化国家治理的经验,推动了传统郡县制和关系伦理向现代科层制及党性意识形态的结构转变,并在引领民族复兴的治理实践中展现强大的包容性和社会整合能力,实现了从简约治理向精细治理的功能转型,形成了独特的中国之制.立足新发展阶段,还需要持续关注政党治理中的关系悖论,不断深化对反腐败和干部激励等政党建设议题的研究,形成以政党治理优化国家治理的新经验.     

转型危机与国家治理:中国的经验

文章以转型危机与国家治理的互动关系为理论视角,探讨了中国三十年来政治经济体制改革的发展轨迹和实践经验。通过对转型危机和国家治理危机两个概念的理论界定和区分,文章认为中国目前面临的社会危机是一种转型的危机,即在经济—社会转型中由于各种利益冲突和治理能力滞后所产生的危机,是在特定历史背景下结构性转型的必然现象。在现实中,市场化和民主化与经济—社会转型互为因果,经济—社会转型不可避免地会引发国家治理层面不同程度的危机,进而推动了国家治理体制的改革和转型。中国国家治理体制的改革和转型是对经济—社会转型的一种渐进式的、结构性的适应过程。中国并未陷入局部改革的陷阱,而是更有可能在危机—体制改革—适应的推进模式中渐进地实现国家治理体制的转型和发展。     

胡适与国家认同

在中国从古典帝国向现代民族国家转型的过程中,人们必须重新建立自己的国家认同。胡适也处在这样的状况中。对于胡适而言,古典帝国时代的中国文化,始终是他要表达忠诚和倾慕的对象。但在文化意义上的“祖国”与政治上正在建构之中的现代“中国”之间,胡适的国家认同出现了相当程度的紊乱。对于祖国的传统文化,胡适一直是尊重和自豪的。但对于建构中的现代“中国”这一政治实体,由于没有坐实在他所理想的宪政民主平台上,因此他的认同态度是复杂的：对于20世纪中国建构的两个政党国家而言,胡适均不太认同,但对两者的具体认同态度又有明显差异。而在中国与美国的国家建构与认同差别的体认上,胡适确定了自己国家认同的典范形式——宪政民主国家,并期待中国的国家建构能够落定在这样的国家平台上。     

东欧及前苏联国家养老金体制的改革

向市场经济的体制转型和人口结构的变化迫使东欧和前苏联国家对它的养老金制度作出根本性的改革。这些改革不同于拉丁美洲和一些发达国家近些年来养老金体制的改革。在拉丁美洲,改革的主要特点是向固定缴费制的全面转变;而发达国家则大多是在它们现有的以现收现付制为主休的固定津贴制体系内作出调整。     

国家-社会-市场:理论述评与比较分析

发展中国家现代化建设的成功有赖于正确处理国家—社会—市场三者之间的关系。以此为出发点，本文对战后有关欠发达国家发展道路的四种代表性理论即经济起飞理论、依附论、新自由主义和可发展国家理论进行了系统的评述，并运用比较的方法具体分析了东亚和拉美新兴工业化国家在处理三者关系上的异同。在此基础上，简要回顾了近代以来中国处理三者关系的历史，进而得出启示：一个国家的发展既要理顺国家与市场的关系，也要保持国家和社会的平衡，在此过程中国家必须通过政策和制度创新加强能力建设，担负起实现国内外平衡的重任，并在国家—社会—市场三者关系的协调中发挥关键作用。     

国家改革与发展管理学:中国全方位改革与发展的多学科综合研究框架与体系

囿于学科分类的限制,社会科学的学者们习惯于或者只适应从本学科的角度来观察和理解中国的改革与发展进程,导致学术性与实践的脱节。设置国家改革与发展管理学,将会大大提升社会科学研究解释实践问题的能力,提高中国社会科学研究的整体水平。     

转轨国家农业部门的改革的比较分析

由于农业在转轨国家中的重要地位,农业部门体制改革构成转轨国家总体改革的重要组成部分,本文着重从土地所有制关系的变革,农业经营组织形式的改造作农产品价格体系的改革等方面,对俄罗期及东欧,中亚等主要转轨国家的农业改革及其绩效进行了比较分析。     

Income distribution in East European and Western countries

This study compares income distribution in East and West, taking into account the effects of different tax systems and the special benefits of the elite group in Eastern Europe.     

Banking Reform in South East European Transitional Economies: An Overview

MOCT-MOST: Economic Policy in Transitional Economies -     

Permanency and Flexibility of Institutions: The Role of Decentralization in Chinese Economic Reforms

The purpose of this paper is to offer a Lachmannian analysis aimed at studying the coherence and the efficiency of reforms in China in terms of institutional change. The idea is that transition dynamics cannot be analyzed by reference to market criteria only; transition is, above all, a change in institutions. Every transition economy thus faces the problem of creating a new institutional framework which associates the co-ordination of activities by the market with the preservation of a centralized mechanism of resource allocation. We explain that, in China, this role is played by decentralization. Indeed, we demonstrate that Chinese economic reforms, of which the main institutional vector is decentralization, show the particularity of reconciling, within one single logic, the permanency of a well-established institutional order required for the co-ordination of individual plans, and the flexibility of institutions necessary for the move towards the market. We then defend the theory that both the success and the originality of Chinese economic reforms rest on their capacity to resolve the permanency-flexibility dilemma.     

Exports and economic growth in Central and East European countries during transition

This paper quantifies the contribution of exports to economic growth in Central and East European countries (CEECs) during transition. Two theoretical models are examined: the first is based on an aggregate production function which includes exports as an additional ‘input’; while the second is based on a two-sector (exports and non-exports) model where exports provide positive externalities in non-export production. Each model is estimated with both fixed and random effects using panel data. Results show that the random effects model is preferred and that exports have a significant impact on economic growth.     

我国农业增长中的政府投资影响

政府投资水平的高低与农业总产值的增长有着很强的正相关关系,其作用不可替代.地方政府投资同样起着重要作用.由于地方政府财力不同,投资力度不同,不同的农业投资成为地区农业产生差距的一个重要原因.本文认为,我国现行的公共财政体制和农业投融资体制存在着一定的缺陷和不足,对其进行改革已成为促进我国农业发展的必然要求.     

The impact of the Soviet trade shock on central and East European economies

The paper examines the significance of what is called the Soviet trade shock on central and East European economies. The analysis involves two steps: first, the terms-of-trade effect of replacing the CMEA trading rules by market rules is estimated, and second, the impact of the loss of export markets in the former Soviet Union is assessed. The results of estimating the terms-of-trade effect for Hungary and Poland show that the income losses in 1990–1991 have not been as substantial as commonly believed (3.5 percent of GDP and 1.0 percent of GDP, respectively). The decomposition of the fall of total Soviet imports in 1991 into three categories, reflecting the impact of domestic recession, reduction of trade with ex-CMEA, and diversion of imports from ex-CMEA to western countries allowed us to estimate the CMEA-induced part of the trade collapse at 36 to 49 percent of the total fall of exports to the Soviet Union by the CEECs (except Romania), with the impact of domestic recession being in all cases stronger than the CMEA dissolution effect. An attempt has also been made to estimate the impact of the Soviet trade shock on GDP levels in CEECs. The results obtained indicate that the collapse of exports to the Soviet Union in 1991 may have been responsible for about one third of the officially reported GDP fall in Czechoslovakia and Poland, and for more than half of the GDP fall in Bulgaria and Hungary, but the impact of the CMEA-induced export fall was much smaller. The impact of the Soviet trade shock on Romania was negligible. The results obtained suggest a smaller impact of the Soviet trade shock on Hungary and Poland, as compared with some other studies. The conclusions should, however, be treated with caution, because of many untested assumptions underlying the analysis.I would like to acknowledge helpful comments received on earlier drafts of the paper by Daniel Gross, Dieter Hesse, Gabor Oblath, and Mica Panic. The views expressed in the paper are, however, my own responsibility.