Foreign Ownership and Productivity in the United Kingdom Estimates for U.K. Manufacturing Using the ARD

Review of Industrial Organization - There is a general assumption in much of the literature on FDI that foreign owned plants have higher productivity. The purpose of this paper is to answer the...     

Firm Survival in the Netherlands

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the dynamics of industrial organization differ in the Netherlands from what has emerged as a Stylized Fact in other countries. Because the Netherlands has pursued a unique set of institutions and policies comprising what has become known as the Polder Model, the factors leading to firm failure may systematically differ from those in other countries. We address this question using a longitudinal database from Statistics Netherlands (CBS) that identifies over two thousand firms in manufacturing and then tracks their performance over time.     

FDI 对我国内资制造业自主创新能力的影响--基于时间变化的动态效应的研究

通过对2009～2012年我国27个制造业行业面板数据的回归分析,实证检验了FDI对我国内资制造业自主创新能力的影响,并且还考虑到了时间变化的动态效应,通过分别对2009～2010年、2011～2012年相关数据的实证分析,试得出随着时间的推移, FDI对我国内资制造业的自主创新能力的影响有何变化。研究结果表明：FDI对我国内资制造业的自主创新能力具有显著的正向促进作用,但近年来这种正向促进作用有所减弱;研发经费对我国内资制造业自主创新能力的贡献率大大提高,由显著的抑制作用变为显著的促进作用;研发人员对我国内资制造业自主创新能力的贡献率有所降低,由明显的促进作用变为不明显的抑制作用。在此实证结果的基础上,分析了原因并提出了相对应的政策建议。     

Coevolutionary Dynamics of Automotive Competition: Product Innovation,Change, and Marketplace Survival

Innovation and new model development have been paramount in the U.S. automotive industry. The industry has invested around $16–18 billion annually to launch new models and improve existing ones in response to incessant evolution of consumer preferences, competitive pressures, and changes in safety and emission regulations. Although these investments have significantly reduced cycle time and increased efficiency (e.g., through platform communization), it still costs around $1 billion to develop and launch a new model from scratch. Therefore, the strategic focus in the U.S. automotive industry is rapidly shifting away from manufacturing efficiency to product development and innovation as firms engage in an “arms race” to develop innovative new products ahead of the competition. The outcome of this new focus manifests itself in the total development time for a new platform vehicle, which is expected to drop from roughly four years in 1998 to two years in 2014. As development cycles continue to shorten, competition in the industry intensifies, and a new insight is needed to better understand how increased competition can affect the gains from innovations. The need for research to fill this gap is especially critical as executives continue to grow more cynical about returns offered by increases in research and development (R&D) expenditures and see no statistically significant relationship between R&D expenditures and firm performance. This study attempts to address this gap by adopting a coevolutionary perspective that analyzes the relationship between innovations and firm performance by accounting for the impact of competitive forces in the industry. First, this study explicitly models competitive interactions between firms, known in the ecology literature as the Red Queen competition, in which gains from innovations are relative and impermanent. Second, hypotheses are tested using a comprehensive data set comprising all automobile manufacturers ever known to compete in the U.S. automobile market at any time between 1891 and 2000. Complete coverage of 110 years enables precise analysis of the link between innovations and firm performance as well as the coevolution in the U.S. automobile industry. The results suggest that although extensiveness of an innovation is relevant, a firm's ability to keep up with the competition in the innovation arms race is a more significant driver of survival in the market. Thus, firms cannot simply evaluate their innovation efforts in a silo but must constantly assess their efforts versus the innovation launches of their key competitors. Based on the findings, automotive manufacturers must develop a structured product development program that allows for continual and steady new product introductions; otherwise, even momentary setbacks can have a damaging impact on a firm's ability to survive in the automotive marketplace.     

制造业外资进入与市场势力波动:竞争还是垄断

对外资市场效应的评估和计量是处理好外资政策、产业政策和反垄断政策关系的重要问题。本文采用中国1999—2010年28个两位数和447个四位数代码制造业面板数据,首先估计了两位数代码制造业的市场势力水平,然后进一步考察外资进入的市场效应,并测度外资引致的福利变动。研究表明:制造业各行业存在显著的市场势力,但金融危机前后市场势力溢价水平波动较大。全样本结果显示制造业市场势力溢价约为6.2%,但金融危机前样本证实市场势力溢价高达22.1%。细分产业中,外资的竞争效应占主导,但在部分产业中外资表现出了反竞争效应。制造业总体层面上,外资进入与市场势力波动之间呈现U形非线性关系,拐点稳定在外资比重为47.3%—54.0%的区间内。从福利角度看,外资进入的竞争效应,使得垄断带来的无谓损失减少了3334.70亿元;但FDI的反竞争效应使得相应行业垄断福利损失增加2407.45亿元。     

Variable Pay,Industrial Relations and Foreign Ownership: Evidence from Germany

We use a representative sample of German establishments to show that those with foreign ownership are more likely to use performance appraisal, profit‐sharing and employee share ownership than those with domestic ownership. Moreover, we show that works councils are associated with an increased probability of using each of the three practices when under domestic ownership but not when under foreign ownership. These results inform the ongoing debate over institutional duality, the extent to which foreign firms adopt uniform practices independent of local institutions, and the extent to which they adapt and participate in those local institutions.     

The Role of Competition in Natural Monopoly: Costs, Public Ownership, and Regulation

Conventional policy for industries with very high economies of scale is to permit monopoly but to subject it to regulation or public ownership. Since the latter may not result in cost minimization, however, it is possible that competition, by forcing firms to operate at the cost frontier, may be less costly despite sacrificing some scale economies. The paper sets out the relevant analytical considerations, estimates a cost function for electric distribution utilities in the U.S., and tests for the relative costs of monopoly and duopoly utilities. Among other notable findings, it concludes that competition does indeed lower net costs.     

Ownership Advantages, Foreign Production and Productivity: Evidence from Austrian Manufacturing Firms

Multi-plant economies of scale generated by firm-specific assets form a constituent feature of multinational firms. This paper uses a panel of Austrian manufacturing firms to test for multi-plant economies of scale by examining the dependence of labor productivity in plants of the home country on the volume of foreign production. As there is an inherent causality problem in testing this proposition, the econometric estimates use a simultaneous equation framework. The estimation results indeed indicate that firms which operate plants abroad achieve productivity advantages in domestic plants. The same holds true for affiliates of foreign multinationals.     

新疆FDI对外贸易对经济增长影响的实证研究

利用新疆1985-2010年时间序列数据,根据协整理论、VAR模型和方差分解等方法研究了FDI、对外贸易和经济增长之间的动态关系。研究结果表明:新疆FDI、对外贸易与经济增长相互之间存在长期稳定的均衡关系。进出口贸易的增长都将导致GDP的增长,但两者对经济增长的影响力度不同,进口明显大于出口。FDI对经济增长的影响,大部分时期处于低迷状态,随着时间推移,进出口贸易对经济增长的影响越来越大。     

基于FDI的产业集群发展模式与动力机制--以浙江嘉善木业集群为例

集群战略日益广泛地被运用于招商引资 ,旨在增强地区对外资的吸引力与粘合力 ,从而促进地方持续发展。浙江嘉善木业集群的经验表明 ,外资能否持续推动地方集群的发展 ,除了受地方制度成本及集群外部效应的影响之外 ,还更取决于外资企业与民营企业之间的融合方式与程度。在学习能力和企业家精神较强的地区 ,民营企业在外资企业的示范带动和竞争压力下 ,能够通过持续的知识积累和自主创新 ,增强并突出自身优势。届时 ,外资企业不但能够获得纯经济外部性 ,还能够获得知识与信息的外部性 ,并受此驱动与地方资本有效融合。     

行业间智力资本、股权性质对企业绩效推动效应的比较研究

本文选取2010～2013年上交所和深交所的纺织服装业、生物制药业和房地产业的上市公司为研究样本,运用Public模型和因子分析分别得出智力资本和企业综合绩效,比较分析了3个行业的智力资本对企业绩效的影响,其中3个行业的人力资本都对企业绩效有正向推动效应,而结构资本是在生物制药业与绩效显著正相关,而在房地产业有不显著的负相关性。在此基础上通过对股权性质的研究发现生物制药业和房地产业的国有性质阻碍了人力资本对企业绩效的推动作用。     

我国服务业FDI结构、技术进步与经济增长

服务业外商直接投资可分为生产性服务业外商直接投资和消费性服务业外商直接投资,二者对国家经济增长有着不同的影响。本文从技术进步的角度,利用面板模型,研究了我国不同类型服务业外商直接投资对经济增长的影响,并分别讨论了东西部地区服务业外商直接投资对技术进步和经济增长的差异性影响。研究结果表明生产性服务业外商直接投资对经济增长和服务业技术进步均有明显促进作用,消费性服务业外商直接投资对经济增长有促进作用,但对服务业技术进步有阻碍作用,且这一趋势在我国东西部地区之间存在显著差异。     

新世纪山东吸引FDI的现状与对策

通过利用外资、引进技术来发展区域经济,历来是国际上的成功经验,山东省经济得以在改革开放后迅速腾飞原因也在于此。随着经济生活日益全球化,如何吸引更多的外商投资,推动本区域的经济发展,是各地区改革开放的重要内容。本文将对山东省FDI的国别构成、产业分布、地区分布进行分析,从而提出针对性的政策建议。     

模块化在制造企业知识管理战略设计中的应用--我国航空企业国际转包生产的模块化战略分析

本文提出制造业企业应用模块化方法进行战略性知识管理的概念和主要类别。特别针对航空机制造业企业分析模块化方法的适用形式和局限性。飞机制造是介于集成方式和分解方式之间的复杂产品制造体系 ,模块化知识管理有战略意义 ,但也有局限性。研究指出 ,模块化方法仅适用于允许“适度失控”的产品 ,对飞机及发动机等“禁止失控”的复杂产品类型 ,系统集成商会拥有相对高的技术和知识优势 ,而模块制造商的创新空间很小。表现在我国参与飞机转包生产的企业对国外企业的依赖程度高 ;根据实际调查和本文的分析 ,我国企业可以通过通用模块制造技术向专用模块制造技术的过渡 ,逐渐实现有自己知识产权的黑箱型技术资源     

Learning orientation, firm innovation capability, and firm performance

Contemporary organizations require a strong learning orientation to gain competitive advantage. Based on in-depth interviews with senior executives and a review of the literature, the present investigation delineates four components of learning orientation: commitment to learning, shared vision, open-mindedness, and intraorganizational knowledge sharing. A framework is tested using data from a broad spectrum of US industries. Learning orientation is conceptualized as a second-order construct. Its effect on firm innovativeness, which in turn affects firm performance, is examined. The results generally support theoretical predictions, and some interesting findings emerge.     

Firm orientations, innovativeness, and business performance: Advancing a system dynamics view following a comment on Hult, Hurley, and Knight's 2004 study

Hult, Hurley, and Knight's [Ind. Mark. Manage. 33 (2004) 429.] study reports correlations for each of the three subfactors of market orientation (competitor orientation, customer orientation, and interfunctional coordination) and innovativenss. However, their report fails to discuss the nature of these relationships. Such findings are worthy of discussion because they support prior evidence demonstrating the centrality of customer orientation in linking competitor orientation and interfunctional coordination with both innovativeness and business performance. Also, the finding that interfunctional coordination relates strongly with innovativeness supports the paradigm shift toward relationship marketing. The point needs mentioning that several different (more than one) standardized effects, structural equation models explain similar amounts of variance of business performance besides the models that Hult et al. examine. Thus, the implication by Hult et al. (p. 436) that “…learning orientation has no significant direct effect on performance” is accurate only for the model tested (shown in their Fig. 2). Applying the “quick clustering” method helps to inform interpretation when nearly all relationships among variables are statistically significant. The present article includes a proposal for advancing from one-directional structural equation modeling of innovativeness and business performance to system dynamics modeling that includes real-world feedback loops.     

跨国公司进入及其对中国制造业的影响

目前，大型跨国公司在华投资开始成为中国利用外商直接投资的主流。比较现代跨国公司和传统跨国公司的区别，现代跨国公司在中国制造业发展中的地位，已由“一个中心”成为“多个中心”，即生产制造中心、跨国采购中心、研究开发中心、服务中心和地区营运中心。以跨国公司为代表的外国直接投资，对中国制造业的增长机制、增长速度、增长质量和增长效益做出了重要贡献。随着国人对跨国公司进入引致的一系列问题在认识上的不断深化，诸如谁更安全、受剥削吗、“引进来”还是“走出去”、“姓内”还是“姓外”等，其结论是：按照国际惯例利用跨国公司。中国应当积极应对跨国公司进入，中国制造业的发展需要借助跨国公司，全面融入经济全球化之中。     

外资企业的要素属权结构与出口增加值的收益归属

在生产全球化的时代大背景下,外资企业积极参与一国的生产和出口,并从所在国的出口中获取收益。外资企业的出口增加值中既包括了本国要素所产生的增加值,也包括了外国要素所产生的增加值,形成了外资企业出口增加值中的要素属权结构。研究外资企业出口增加值中的要素属权结构,一方面,有助于学术界理解外国要素流入对于本国要素出口增加值的拉动效应;另一方面,有利于学术界厘清外国要素流入所形成的要素收益分配效应。本文运用微观企业数据测算发现:2000—2013年在外资加工出口企业中,中国属权要素出口增加值占属地出口增加值的平均比重为65.85%,两者之间的平均背离程度为34.15%。本文进一步运用区分异质性企业的投入产出表进行测算发现:2012年在外资加工贸易企业和非加工贸易企业出口中,中国属权要素出口增加值与属地要素出口增加值的背离相对值分别为30.13%和25.32%。本文认为属地出口增加值已经不能充分反映外资企业出口中的本国要素收益,研究外资企业出口增加值中的要素属权结构有利于学术界认识增加值贸易中国内要素的实际收益,也可以为一国政府的对外贸易谈判提供科学依据。     

长三角资本密集型制造业集聚与FDI的互动关系研究

结合长三角资本密集型制造业集聚与FDI分布的现状,以产业竞争力为关键切入点,逐次分析长三角资本密集型制造业集聚对FDI的影响路径以及FDI对长三角资本密集型制造业集聚的影响路径,并以日企在苏州电子信息产业的投资为例,对长三角资本密集型制造业集聚与FDI互动关系进行分析,研究结果表明,长三角资本密集型制造业集聚程度较高的行业,外资分布也较多;在长三角资本密集型制造业发展的成长阶段,FDI的进入对于产业集聚的形成起到了关键作用;随着该产业的发展进入成熟阶段,产业集聚效应进一步吸引了FDI的进入,长三角资本密集型制造业集聚与FDI之间通过产业竞争力这一间接导体产生了一种"良性循环"。