Resort cycle revisited: The retirement connection

This article reappraises the Butler model of resort evolution with the addition of a focus on retirement-tourism relationships. The model predicts retirement will emerge as a major factor in resorts as tourism goes into decline, but an examination of trends in Parksville and Qualicum Beach, British Columbia, Canada, revealed retirement has been a feature of those resorts since their early days and has grown alongside tourism. However, an analysis of content of local newspapers revealed that the two communities came to appreciate the retirement sector with their first major downturn in tourism, which in itself partially supports Butler's thesis.     

MARKET POSITIONING ANALYSIS: A Hybrid Approach

This research introduces a hybrid approach including correspondence analysis and logit modeling to contrast the relative market position of Virginia with eight other eastern US states and the District of Columbia. The data obtained from a series of telephone surveys are analyzed. In a competitive analysis, the study areas are described by youth/mature and culture/nature dimensions relating to activity images as well as by beach/mountain and urban/country dimensions in connection with attraction images. Pennsylvania appears to be an immediate competitor of Virginia in regard to provision of leisure activities. The study concludes with discussions on critical findings along with marketing implications.     

International tourism model for developing economies

This article considers international tourism as an open system consisting of four essential components: demand, marketing, transportation, and accomodation. It examines each component and its relationship to the system. The proposed international tourism model facilitates detection of positive and negative determinants of the system so that a relevant marketing strategy can be developed. The major strategies include a mass-marketing approach for public through tourism intermediaries, and a focused strategy requiring careful analysis of the target market and its needs for unique services. More specifically, the article suggests extensive market analysis with geographic concentration on present and potential tourist generating countries. The model is intended as a comprehensive frame for policy makers and practitioners to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of international tourism.     

Spatial and temporal patterns of demand for hotel accomodation: Time series analysis in Yorkshire and Humberside,UK

This article is concerned with the identification and interpretation of spatial-temporal patterns of demand for hotel accomodation. Time-series factor analysis is applied to a set of monthly hotel-occupancy series recorded by the Yorkshire and Humberside Tourist Board (YHTB) for 101 hotels in Yorkshire and Humberside, UK, from April 1982 to March 1983. Three major temporal components of expressed demand for hotel accomodation (reference curves) are identified, reflecting differences in occupancy level, the intensity of seasonal fluctuations, and the length of season. The hotels are differentiated, and then grouped, on the basis of their individual parameters on the three reference curves. The spatial-temporal patterns identified form the basis of continuing research which aims to aid the formulation of appropriate marketing and development policies for the hotel industry.     

The resort cycle and second homes

Second homes are a major feature of tourism in much of North America and Western Europe. Unfortunately, many models are not applicable to the unique aspects of cottage tourism. This article examines a widely accepted resort cycle concept in order to determine its applicability to second homes. The study area of Sauble Beach (Ontario, Canada) at first appears to be a clear example of the stagnation and decline stages of the resort cycle. However, the inclusion of the growth of residential development and cottage conversions reveals that despite its substantial decline in conventional tourism, the area is actually experiencing a revival. Consequently, a refinement to the resort cycle is proposed whereby a decline in tourism is counteracted by a stabilization reaction. The stage is portrayed graphically using a proposed associated cycle of the average length of stay by visitors and residents.     

Differential multipliers

A modified version of the Archer tourism multiplier model is used to derive differential multipliers, at both the sectoral and firm scale, for the Cook Islands tourist industry and ancillary sectors. Firm level analysis is shown to be necessary if factors of industrial organization, such as size and ownership characteristics, are not to be overlooked. The results reveal that smaller, locally owned establishments generate more local income, employment, and gross government revenue than their larger, overseas controlled counterparts. The model is shown to be a highly suitable surrogate for conventional input-output models, which, due to factors such as cost and lack of data, cannot always be used in small nations or regions to develop a data base suitable for the planning of tourist development.     

Virtual destination image a new measurement approach

This study utilized enabling internet and computerized content analysis technologies to measure destination image from a phenomenographic post-positivist perspective. In an online survey, respondents were asked to describe their image of one of seven case study destinations that they had never visited before, in a narrative format. The large amount of qualitative data was content analyzed using artificial neural network software. The results produce a vivid three-dimensional picture of the differences and commonalities among the images of selected destinations. It is concluded that an interactive narrative approach presents an alternative measurement technique that can contribute significantly to future image research.     

International leisure tourists’ involvement profile

The involvement construct has received a great deal of attention in recent years. However, the majority of research on this topic has focused on internal tourists, recreational activities participants, or associated services and products. Using survey data collected from European leisure tourists at an international destination, this study examined the underlying dimensions of their involvement. Scale unidimensionality is first revealed by an exploratory factor analysis and validated by a confirmatory factor analysis. The data suggested that this is a three dimensional construct: pleasure/interest, risk probability, and risk importance. Construct validity, including discriminant, convergent and nomological validity, and reliability are also satisfactorily established.     

Service Climate in Restaurants

This study focused on identifying the most relevant dimensions of service climate in restaurant settings. A series of confirmatory factor analysis were performed to check the construct validity of the service climate using data collected in a field survey of 452 frontline employees working in 31 different foodservice establishments. Four dimensions of service climate were identified: service vision, service training, supervisor support, and reward and recognition. The validated 22-item scale of service climate can be used as a potential tool for evaluating the service climate in foodservice establishments.     

Oligopoly and the resort cycle in the Bahamas

Markusen's “profit cycle” and the influence of oligopoly are applied to Butler's notion of the resort cycle. The stagnation and decline associated with the latter stages of the resort cycle can be explained by industrial organization and the oligopolistic position of the major suppliers. The study area of Paradise Island (Bahamas) appears to be a clear example of how the corporate strategies of a major supplier can dramatically influence the resort cycle process. Resorts subjected to long-term oligopoly can experience eventual declines in the number of visitors because of an emphasis on market share and competitive stability, at the expense of innovation and diversification.     

Multicity trip patterns: Tourists to the United States

This study examines international tourists’ multicity trip patterns within the United States. Actual and perceived distance from the country of origin to the destination is assumed to affect the likelihood of multicity tourism behavior. In addition, higher opportunity costs for first-time tourists are expected to lead to increased multicity patterns. An analysis of the trips of international tourists to US metropolitan areas confirmed that multicity patterns differ for groups of tourists with different origins and varying levels of familiarity with the destination. Differences lie in the directionality of flows as well as the extent and nature of multicity tourism behavior.     

How much do low-scoring food establishments improve after health safety inspections? Not much! Evidence from Los Angeles

There is a growing debate on whether food establishment hygiene inspections are effective. Drawing on the Kano model, hygiene may be a ‘satisfier’ but may not be a ‘delighter,’ and therefore consistent with recent research, high-scoring food establishments will have a limited incentive to improve their hygiene score. However, based on the Kano model, focus on ‘satisfiers’ would be necessary before focusing on ‘delighters’, therefore, we expect that food establishments with lower hygiene scores improve their scores over time. Taking a Bayesian learning framework, we find that food establishments in Los Angeles do not improve their hygiene scores over time and do not find differences in learning for food establishments with grades B or below. Due to limited motivation even for low-scoring food establishments to improve their scores, the Kano model on hygiene scores as ‘satisfier’ may not be supported for lower-scoring food establishments.     

Host community perceptions a cluster analysis

This paper explores how residents in the Balearic Islands of Spain regard tourism as affecting their community, thereby providing a framework for research into attitudes toward this industry in a mature Mediterranean destination. Local attitudes were used to segment the sample into five different opinion groups using a cluster analysis. The overall results indicate that the respondents are aware of some of both the positive and negative effects, and are relatively ambivalent about development proposals that imply an increasing number of tourists. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that some development strategies incur considerable conservation-based opposition while others enjoy general support.     

The measurement of spatial variations in tourist activity

This paper looks at the problems of using physical accommodation capacity figures to identify spatial variations in the level of tourist activity and considers the implications for the interpretation of Defert's tourist function index. An analysis of accomodation use patterns in New Brunswick, Canada, shows considerable differences in the intensity of use among the various forms of accommodation. A closer look at hotel and motel occupancy characteristics also reveals large spatial variations, but their combined effect on the relationship between physical accommdation capacity and yearly tourist use shows little variation over space. It is concluded that Defert's index is a most useful tool for examining tourist activity in areas where most accommodation is in the form of hotels and motels, but should be interpreted with caution where there are large spatial variations in the types of accommodation available.     

探析旅游卫星帐户(TSA)的基本思想

本文陈述了旅游卫星账户(TSA)方法作为国家账户体系有机延伸的基本内涵,描述了TSA框架之内旅游、旅游商品、旅游业等概念的定义与范围,介绍了国家账户体系的相关内容与TSA之间的关系,结合加拿大TSA方法用于旅游经济影响分析的实例,对中国的情况给出建议.     

探析旅游卫星账户（TSA）的基本思想

本文陈述了旅游卫星账户(TSA)方法作为国家账户体系有机延伸的基本内涵，描述了TSA框架之内旅游、旅游商品、旅游业等概念的定义与范围，介绍了国家账户体系的相关内容与TSA之间的关系，结合加拿大TSA方法用于旅游经济影响分析的实例，对中国的情况给出建议。     

Comparative assessment of tourist generating markets for New Zealand

Portfolio analysis has become a widely used strategic planning tool in many industries during the past decade. Strategic decisions in the tourism industry include issues such as which markets are most attractive (e.g. have greatest visitor expenditure potential); in which markets are a specific country's “products” most competitive; how promotional budgets should be allocated for greatest effectiveness; and what the promotional message should convey. Industry Attractiveness Analysis—a flexible variety of portfolio analysis—has been applied to the generating countries which supply tourists to New Zealand in an illustrative case study. Both national level and individual company applications are described and illustrated in 3 × 3 matrix form. These diagrams are, in themselves, a good communication mechanism which encourages rational, strategic thinking about managerial decisions and resources allocations. Past, present, and future situations can be portrayed in a graphically useful manner.     

A model of destination image formation

Image has been shown to be an important influence in the selection of vacation destinations. A model that represents the important determinants of destination image formation was developed based on previous studies in a number of fields. The research reported in this article presents the results of an empirical test of the model using path analysis. A major finding of the study was that a destination image is formed by both stimulus factors and tourists' characteristics. The results of this investigation provide important implications for strategic image management and can aid in designing and implementing marketing programs for creating and enhancing tourism destination images.     

Market shares analysis: The Case of French Tourism Demand

This paper examines the magnitudes and determinants of changes in destinations’ shares of a major tourist origin market. The Almost Ideal Demand System model is used to quantify the responsiveness of French tourism demand in Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom to changes in relative prices, exchange rates, tourists’ expenditure budget, and external events. The results indicate that effective price competitiveness is a key variable driving changes in market shares. Policymakers who wish to maintain their shares of the French market should pay particular attention to tourism pricing policies, as well as to improving the tourism offer.     

The use and acceptability of convenience and fast-foods in the food service industry in Scotland

A questionnaire was circulated at random to six sectors of the catering industry in Scotland. The types of convenience foods used, frequency of use, relative importance of several processing factors and customers' views of catering establishments were studied. Some fifteen ideas for ‘new’ products are listed, the main requirement being for higher quality products at lower cost. Most caterers feel that customers mainly look for value for money and good presentation.