收入分配与社会福利函数

本文借助最优化方法,建立了分布不确定前提下的社会福利评价模型,研究了最优分布函数与偏好之间的关系,获得了帕累托分布和指数分布为最优分布的条件。本文还在给定条件下导出了社会福利函数的一般表达式,将社会福利函数表示为最低收入水平、平均水平和基尼系数的函数。这一表达形式既有前人提出的一些典型社会福利函数的优点,又克服了其缺陷。最后,本文对社会福利函数的政策含义进行了讨论并就重构宏观经济学微观基础提出了一些思路。     

Income Inequality in Large U.S. Cities in the 1980s

Per capita personal income among states and regions has been shown to diverge during the 1980s following a long trend of income convergence. This paper investigates the divergence of income using median family income in the 1980s for the largest 51 U.S. cities. Producer services earnings and manufacturing earnings as a percent of total earnings are also investigated to shed light on income divergence. It is found that income and producer services earnings diverged in the 1980s unlike manufacturing earnings which converged. Convergence among regions for household income is also investigated. The results substantiate the common view of trends toward convergence prior to the 1980s and divergence thereafter.     

城市居民财产性收入与贫富差距的实证分析

利用1988～2009年国家统计局全国入户调查数据,本文研究了我国城市居民财产性收入的规模、组成、变化以及其对收入差距的贡献。采用基尼系数的分解方法,将每年的收入差距分解到各个收入成分的贡献,并发现与其他收入形式相比,财产性收入分布的基尼系数是最高的,对总收入差距的贡献也在迅速扩大,这一现象值得重视。本文还分别对东、中、西部地区进行了分析,发现财产性收入主要集中在东部地区。     

Income Inequality and Economic Progress

A bstract . The institutionalist approach to income distribution and economic progress is compared to the conventional approaches such as neo classical and neo-Keynesian schools. A two step causal model reflecting the institutionalist view on the relationship of these two variables is constructed. The empirical results show that the greater the inequality in the distribution of personal incomes, the greater the level of socio- political instability , and that the greater the level of socio-political instability, the slower the economic progress.     

劳动力跨部门配置与居民收入差距——基于省级面板数据的实证分析

本文从劳动力跨部门配置效应的角度,分析了我国劳动力跨部门配置的时期和地区特征,使用面板数据模型估计了我国劳动力转移对城乡居民收入差距的作用。结果表明,在改革开放的后一阶段,我国劳动力转移的收入分配均等化效应下降,且西部地区下降更加显著。而收入均等化效应下降的一个重要原因是各次产业部门间生产率差距扩大。文章指出产业协调发展是提高劳动力转移收入分配效应的迫切要求。     

我国居民收入不平等的测算与分析

文章以我国居民个人收入为研究对象,测算了三种收入不平等指数,并按收入来源法对其进行了分解。研究表明:2009年我国居民收入的不平等程度是比较高的,且基尼系数城镇低于农村;从不平等指数的分解结果来看,工资收入扩大了总收入的不平等;退休金收入减小了居民收入不平等。     

Economic and Social Factors in Income Inequality: Race and Sex Discrimination and Status as Elements in Wage Differentials

Abstract . This paper examines by the use of several econometric techniques some of the economic and social factors in wage differentials as elements in income inequality. The effects of education, sex, occupation, class of workers, industry, race, marital status, hours and weeks worked, and age are analyzed by the use of regression analysis in conjunction with binary variables and joint tests of significance. The results show that the inclusion of the sex variable represents a significant improvement over previous economic models and that it is not the number of years of education that is important but rather the obtaining of academic degrees.     

收入不平等、集体行动和农业保护

本文利用跨国非平衡面板数据的实证研究发现,收入不平等程度的变化对农业保护政策的影响是以农业利益集团规模为条件的。当农业利益集团规模大于(小于)某一临界值时,不平等程度的加剧就将导致农业保护水平的提高(降低)。     

一种新的收入差距研究的计量方法——基于分布函数的半参数化估计

收入差距扩大的成因分解方法的最新研究强调描述整个收入分布,并且对收入分布的变化进行分解,进而得到各个统计量的分解,这类方法的优点是可以显示收入差距的变化主要集中在哪些收入群体中。本文着重介绍了两类对收入分布函数进行成因分解的半参数化方法:一类是Lemieux及其合作者们发展起来的权重重置法;另一类是Machado和Mata首创的基于分位数回归的分解方法。     

Pareto分布与收入不均等的分析

本文介绍了Pareto收入分布规则,引出一种度量收入不均等的方法,利用样本数据进行识别,估计参数,检验理论分布,得出相应的结论。     

Understanding Income Inequality in China: A Multi-Angle Perspective

Economic reforms have brought about spectacular growth and vast improvements of people’s living standards in China since 1978. In the meantime, unbalanced regional growth and income inequality have become two important concerns of future development. Most available studies on income distribution have either focused on the rural population or on the urban citizens. This paper stresses the importance of adopting a multi-angle approach to fully understand income inequality in China. We first use some top-down information to form a general picture of inequality for the whole country, and then use some bottom-up household survey data to explain in detail the development of inequality over time regarding rural/urban inequality, rural inequality, urban inequality and inter-regional inequality, the relative importance of different income sources to overall inequality. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Out of Welfare: Functioning of Income Support in Torino

This paper explores the opportunities provided by a file of longitudinal data regarding income support benefits for able bodied poor in order to understand the functioning of the local social assistance system in Torino. The features of this system, its selective-categorized character and the differences from universalistic systems are analyzed. In this framework, the duration of the periods users receive benefits has been studied by means of event history analysis. The probability of exit from welfare is related to socio-demographic characteristics of recipients. In particular we observe a lower propensity to exit for female headed households and households with children. The probability of exit appears to be affected also by labour market conditions, being higher when these are more favourable. The exit rate does not decrease as time elapsed in welfare moves on. We observe the existence of different styles of assistance among the different social services within the city. Difficulties related to the interpretation of the empirical results, given the selective-categorized features of the social assistance system, are emphasized. Finally, we discuss some theoretical issues about evaluation of income support policies.All the sections of this paper are the result of the cooperation of the authors. Nicola Negri has coordinated the various steps of the work and has written Section 5 with Contini. Nicoletta Bosco has mainly worked with Nicola Negri to prepare the data archive and has written Sections 2 and 3. Dalit Contini has discussed with Negri and Bosco the model of empirical analysis and has implemented it; she has written Sections 4 and 6. All authors share Section 1 and 7.     

Optimal Social Design: Estimating a Social Welfare Function from Questionnaire Data

A social design x evokes a response y from a set of individuals. The value of the design is expressed in terms of a social welfare function which is derived from Arrow’s formulation of social choice. Making certain simplifying assumptions the social welfare function can be expressed in terms of individuals’ ideal designs. A method for estimating the social welfare function from quite limited empirical evidence is developed. The method is applied to an educational case study. There was considerable variation in individuals’ ideal designs. The components of the social welfare were estimated: the welfare ideal, the population sensitivity, the population variation, the deviation from the ideal and the welfare ceiling. Methodological problems are discussed.     

基于收入分布的收入差距扩大成因的分解

本文采用核平滑化的半参方法估计了1987年、1996年、2004年我国城市居民收入分布曲线,并且基于收入分布又进一步分解了导致城市居民收入差距扩大的主要原因。收入差距扩大的成因可以分为两类:一是劳动者的劳动力特点的普遍变化,如劳动者教育水平的提高,行业、职业分布的变化;二是对劳动力特点回报率的变化,如教育回报率的提高,各行业、职业回报率差异的扩大等。本文发现后者是导致收入差距扩大的主要原因。     

农民收入增加与农民福利增加分析

本文运用拉姆齐模型和内生增长模型对我国农民收入增加与农民福利增加之间的关系进行了研究,分析结果表明全体农民福利极大化时的收入增长率与个体农民效用极大化时的收入增长率存在差异。这一结果表明,单个农民追求效用极大化时并没有使全体农民福利极大化。     

北京市居民收入差距发展规律与结构特征的实证研究

本文选取1985—2007年的时间序列数据,对23年间北京市居民的收入差距演变规律进行分析,侧重于城镇居民收入差距、农村居民收入差距、以及城乡居民收入差距三个层次,并在对时间序列数据分析基础上,对收入差距的发展趋势进行判断。研究认为,北京市居民收入差距变化大致经历了三个阶段,即差距较小—差距扩大—差距稳中有降;居民收入差距一直存在,但以1993年为节点,之后出现大幅度上升态势;2003—2007年,居民收入差距整体呈现稳中有降的趋势,但降幅不大。对收入差距内部结构的分析显示,23年间,城镇居民收入差距水平小于农村居民收入差距。     

城乡移民与收入不平等：基于基尼系数的理论分析

经典经济学认为,城乡移民(农民工进城)减少了收入不平等,但迄今并无严格的分析。本文从理论上讨论农民工进城对于以基尼系数衡量的收入不平等的影响,关键假设是把农民工看成一个独立的群体加以考虑。研究表明,农民工进城并不总是减少收入不平等;特别是在城乡移民早期,很可能增加收入不平等。本文还讨论了农民工进城以及户籍改革对于城镇内部、农村内部和城乡之间收入不平等的影响。     

Trend and Comparative Analysis of Inequality of Social Opportunity

This article sets out a new method for the analysis of inequality of social opportunity. The shortcomings of the previous concepts and measures attempting to assess the degree of openness of the mobility process independently of marginal effects are displayed. The suggested new approach refers to relative opportunity distributions of individuals according to their social origin. Starting from the premise that these distributions underlying the observed allocation of social positions are continuous, it is assumed that it is possible to compare them using straight lines. The various slopes of the lines represent inequality of social opportunity coefficients which permit trend and comparative analysis of the mobility process net results.