有机食品市场拓展的战略初探

当前有机食品的市场运作过程中正呈现两难窘地，一方面有机食品总体供不应求，另一方市场上高价有机食品销售不畅，导致这一局面的主要原因是农户分散经营及有机食品营销渠道不畅。因此文章通过挖掘消费者的潜在需求、以消费者能够接受的成本定价，以方便购买的原则进行渠道规划和双向沟通四方面对有机食品市场拓展进行理性分析，以期引起生产经营者与消费者的关注。     

医疗服务市场的高价格形成机制——一个基于信息扩散的解释框架

本文指出,一个自由的医疗服务市场会导致过高的价格水平,其原因在于,医疗服务的价格变化信息在患者之间扩散是一个缓慢的时间过程,致使医院的医疗服务需求对价格变化不敏感,从而降低了医疗服务市场的竞争性。本文同时指出,政府只要能够改变医疗服务价格信息的扩散机制,就能够建立一个以市场机制为基础的高效率的医疗卫生体制。     

A Dual-Price Demand Theory for Economies under Transition

China adopted a dual-price system shortly after the economic reform started in 1978 to liberalise its price control. This led to the coexistence of both plan and market prices for an identical good in the economy. The conventional demand theory developed based on the pure market economies is not useful in explaining consumers' behaviour in the transitional economies such as China in which both plan and market prices are prevalent. This study develops an alternative demand theory for a dual-price (or dual-track) economy and derives the dual-price Slusky equation that identifies a replacement effect of price liberalisation. This demand theory distinguishes itself from the conventional demand theory and explains the ways in which consumers respond to the price liberalisation during the reform period. The new demand theory shows that the gradual approach to reform is superior to the ‘Big Bang’ approach in terms of reducing the ‘corrected inflation’ during the transition period. The new theory also suggests that the price elasticity of demand is higher in the dual-track system than that in a full market economy, implying that the price elasticity diminishes over the process of price liberalisation. This theory is tested using the Chinese aggregate consumption data.     

对上海市住房市场的实证非均衡分析

文章首先通过理论分析表明,住房市场是一个非均衡的市场。随后把上海短期住房市场分为增量房和存量房两个市场,运用非均衡市场的供需函数模型对其进行了定量实证分析。结果表明住房市场的非均衡程度很高,因为上海住房市场中需求缺乏价格弹性,而对未来房价的预期使得投资需求的     

我国证券交易监管的分析

对证券产品交易的监管是为了保证市场机制在证券产品交易价格的形成过程中能够发挥正常的作用,使得交易价格能够真正反映证券交易市场的供求关系,由此促进交易市场从无效、低效向高效发展,加速有效交易市场的形成。文章从证券交易监管的必要性入手,分析我国证券交易监管的现状     

需求波动下众包物流平台动态定价策略

以平台利润最大化为目标,构建在不同供需条件下的众包物流平台动态定价模型,求得最优动态价格解以及激励系数和惩罚系数对于市场需求和最优价格等的影响.研究表明:众包物流平台的最优价格会发生动态变化,它主要受时间和市场需求波动的影响,也受激励系数和惩罚系数的影响;尤其是配送高峰期时,最优动态价格和市场需求也显著受到配送人员激励系数和惩罚系数的影响.     

欧盟碳排放价格波动的动因剖析

碳排放价格取决于碳交易市场中碳排放权供求总量所引发的预期碳排放量稀缺程度。欧盟政府管制政策、能源价格及气候变化诱使碳排放市场参与者对碳排放量稀缺性的预期发生变化,因此碳排放价格呈现剧烈波动。     

生猪价格视角下肉类价格溢出效应研究

基于2016年5月至2021年6月的中国主要肉类的每周价格数据,构造整个市场内的溢出指数,研究突发事件冲击对肉类价格的时变性影响.结果表明,溢出指数可以准确捕捉突发事件对整个肉类市场的冲击强度和方向,但是价格波动的方向不同,价格传导的路径也不同.在非洲猪瘟造成猪肉价格上涨后,鸡肉作为猪肉的平价替代产品,吸收了猪肉价格剧烈波动的冲击.应以此为契机,健全市场波动风险预警机制,增强突发事件冲击的应对能力;健全积极主动的政策干预体系,保证市场供给稳定;激发同类产品发挥替代作用,减缓市场供需失衡的压力;多方面多渠道切实降低突发事件造成的价格冲击对肉类市场的影响.     

Pricing, Sunk Costs, and Market Structure Online: Evidence from Book Retailing

While online consumers are less concerned than traditional consumersabout firm location, they may be more concerned about unobservablequality and, to signal this, online retailers rely more on advertisingthan traditional retailers. Imperfect price competition mayarise because of vertical product differentiation, incompleteconsumer awareness, and near-perfect information exchange betweenretailers. This paper evaluates alternative theories of competitionand market structure in online retailing. Advertising, productdevelopment, and revenue data for the online book market revealthat consumers respond to advertising and website spending ratherthan low prices. As the market size expanded, during 1997–2001,these endogenous sunk costs escalated and there was no majornew entry. Advertising-to-sales ratios and market-concentrationratios are much higher than for traditional bookselling. Usingprice and demand information for individual books over a numberof weeks, we find counter-cyclical and cross-sectional pricevariation inconsistent with perfect price competition.     

Pricing Natural Gas in Mexico: An Application of the Little‐Mirrlees Rule—The Case of Quasi‐Rents

In 1997, the Comisión Reguladora de Energía of Mexico implemented a netback rule for linking the Mexican natural gas price to the Texas price. At that time, the Texas price reflected a reasonably competitive market. There have been dramatic increases in the demand for gas, and there are various bottlenecks in the supply of gas. As a result, the price of gas in Texas now reflects the quasi‐rents created by these bottlenecks. We show that it is optimal for the Mexican government to use the netback rule based on the Texas price of gas to set the price of gas in Mexico even though the Texas market cannot be considered a competitive market, and the Texas price for gas reflects quasi‐rents created by various bottlenecks.     

Economic transition and demand pattern: Evidence from China's paper and paperboard industry

In this study, we investigate the demand pattern and structural changes during the economic transformation using data from the paper and paperboard industry in China. Instrumental variable estimations as well as co-integration analysis and error correction models are applied to the analysis. Our results show that in the early stages of economic reform before 1993, the demand did not respond to price changes; while in the later stages, the demand shows significant responses to its own-price and the price of international markets. In particular, since 1992, the own and cross-price elasticity of demand for domestically made paper and paperboard products becomes, respectively, − 0.69 and 0.59, in the range found in some market economies. We also find that imports are substitutes for domestically made paper and paperboard products, but the reverse is not true; and in the later stage of economic transition, the reliance on international market has increased, as reflected by the lower price elasticity of imports.     

物业税无益于抑制房价:基于供求关系的分析

推出物业税政策的重要目的之一是通过抑制投机性需求进而抑制房价。从经济学角度看,某种商品的市场价格归根结底是由供求关系而非成本来决定的。通过物业税对住房供给和需求影响的分析,得出的结论是新税收政策可能会增加供给,但会增加自住性购房人的总支出,在短期内抑制自住性需求,但对投资性需求影响不大。在相对较长一段时间内对需求影响不大,对抑制房价没有太大的作用。     

乌鲁木齐市住宅市场与外部环境协调状况分析

研究目的：分析乌鲁木齐市住宅市场与外部环境的协调状况,找出住宅市场内部及外部环境主要驱动因素;研究对象：乌鲁木齐市住宅市场系统与外部环境系统;研究方法：耦合关系模型;研究结论：乌鲁木齐市住宅市场与外部环境整体上处于低度协调状态,主要原因是乌鲁木齐市外部环境发展状况滞后于住宅市场发展状况;住宅市场内部驱动因素由大到小是住宅投资、住宅需求、住宅供给和住宅价格,外部环境内部驱动因素由大到小是经济环境、金融环境、政策环境和社会环境。     

Regional development effects of a free market for sugar in South Africa

In a free market for sugar it is estimated that the area under sugar‐cane would decrease by 49 per cent and labour employment by 26 per cent relative to the single‐price policy which was in operation until 30 April 1985. Sugar‐cane would be produced in areas of comparative advantage, namely the Eastern Transvaal, Zululand high and low rainfall areas, the North Coast, Indian and Mangete areas and KwaZulu. The domestic equilibrium sucrose price is estimated to be about 9 per cent below the price under the single‐price policy and 17 per cent below the A‐pool producers’ price under the present two‐tier price scheme.

Full irrigation water tariffs have a considerable impact on enterprise mix. Farmers would shift from sugar‐cane to higher return crops or leave land fallow if they perceived the risk to be too high. Land values would fall in irrigation areas and increase in dryland areas.

Results are obtained from a regional linear programming model which incorporates negative sloping demand functions for crops, limited substitution in demand between crops, positive sloping labour supply functions and variance/ covariance risk matrices.     

THE ECONOMICS OF PLASTIC BAG LEGISLATION IN SOUTH AFRICA1

In May 2003 South Africa introduced legislation intended to decrease plastic bag litter. It combined standards and price‐based economic tools in an attempt to reduce the public's demand for plastic bags. This paper analyses the short term effects of the legislation on bag demand. It also provides a background to these regulations and a theoretical overview. The assessment uses bag consumption data from four retailers, each representing a different consumer market. These are analysed, and respective price elasticities calculated. The results suggest that plastic bag demand is relatively price inelastic and imply that instruments utilising price alone, would have limited efficacy. However, the combination of standards and pricing successfully curbed plastic bag use in the short run. Further analysis suggests that the effectiveness of the legislation may be declining over time.     

我国住房价格与租金背离的行为解释

马克思的地租理论及迪帕斯奎尔-惠顿模型(D-W模型),均认为房价与租金成正比关系。然而我国现实数据显示:房价与租金受各种因素的干扰而呈现出非正比的背离关系。房价与租金背离的缘由是土地制度导致市场供给短缺,体制转轨使得住房需求激增、居住文化加剧供需矛盾。而粮食安全问题、小产权房现象、宏观调控政策则强化了房价与租金的背离关系。为此,应继续大力发展开发业务,满足日益增长的购房需求,同时加强对租赁市场的培育。     

近年来房价过快上涨的原因探析——从住宅的特殊性考察

近年来,我国城镇住宅价格不断过快高涨,房价问题成为全国的焦点。住宅价格高涨的原因很多,住宅本身的特殊性是根本原因。本文尝试从住宅性质的角度来分析价格过快上涨的原因。住宅是必需品,超出基本需求的高档住宅就成为奢侈品,住宅还具有储藏财富功能。房价的急剧攀升带来一系列负面影响。本文根据住宅的特殊性,针对房价过快上涨提出以下建议:保证居民合理的住宅需求,抑制高档住宅需求,限制住宅市场的投资需求。     

物联网服务市场潜在需求的影响因素分析——基于智能家居服务市场的问卷调查

文章基于市场需求理论和技术接受模型,构建了物联网服务市场潜在需求的影响模型.基于智能家居服务市场的问卷调查数据,对模型进行模拟运算.结果表明,消费者对物联网服务的潜在需求,由消费者的需求意愿和支付能力决定;消费者对物联网服务的需求意愿,由消费者的感知有用性、感知价值决定;消费者对物联网服务的感知价值,由消费者的感知有用性、感知易用性、感知价格决定.根据上述研究结果,为促进物联网服务市场的消费需求,一要增强物联网服务的有用性和易用性,创造物联网服务需求;二要降低物联网服务价格、提升消费者的支付能力,满足消费者的物联网服务需求.     

需求曲线的形状及其内在逻辑——破解吉芬之谜、构建中国经济学的消费者行为模型

经济学界在探讨需求曲线问题时经常颠倒了理论与现象或者事实之间的关系、颠倒了价格与需求量之间的因果关系、混淆了个别需求曲线和市场需求曲线,在不知不觉中陷入了一个无法自拔的逻辑困境。消费者的需求量不仅要受到市场价格变化的影响,还要受到其拟选行为的机会成本变化的影响。而消费者的需求价格是由其收入水平和偏好决定的。把“向右下方倾斜的需求曲线”当作一个描述消费者行为的具有普遍意义的定律,是不科学的。     

Has Greater Competition Restrained U.S. Inflation?

This paper shows how increased goods market competition affects the behavior of inflation in a multisector economy. By raising the price elasticity of demand, increased goods market competition theoretically lowers inflation and makes the aggregate price level less sensitive to aggregate demand shocks. We find that proxies for the aggregate degree of goods market competition are statistically and economically significant in short-run Phillips curve models of core inflation. Evidence indicates that heightened goods market competition has flattened the slope of the short-run, expectations-augmented Phillips curve and slightly lowered the nonaccelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU).