More Trade Openness Necessary In the Future

On November 21 of 2011, Pascal Lamy, director-general of World Trade Or- ganization (WTO) warned in his annual report that the forecast for world export growth revised downwards to 5.8% in 2011 from the earlier estimate of 6.5%, because of the worsening of global economy in     

Trade Openness and Income: A Tale of Two Regions

In this paper, we present evidence of the long‐run effect of trade openness on income per worker for two regions that have followed different liberalisation strategies, namely Asia and Latin America. A model that re‐examines these questions is estimated for two panels of Asian and Latin American countries over the 1980–2008 period using a novel empirical approach that accounts for endogeneity as well as for the time series properties of the variables involved. From an econometric point of view, we apply recent panel co‐integration techniques based on factor models that account for two additional elements usually neglected in previous empirical literature: cross‐dependence and structural breaks. The results point to a positive impact of trade openness in both Asia and Latin America although the size is smaller in the second region. We associate this finding with the degree to which trade was managed in both regions of the developing world.     

A New Measure of Trade Openness

Trade openness, popularly measured as (X + M)/GDP in the hundreds of studies published to date, consistently considers the world's biggest trading countries such as the USA, the UK, Japan and Germany to be closed economies, irrespective of the data set used. This study suggests a composite trade share measure that more completely reflects reality by combining two important dimensions of trade openness: trade share and the relative importance of a country's trade level to total world trade. Robustness tests support the new proposed measure in lieu of the conventional measure of openness and suggest that the latter may not only be incomplete but may also overstate the impact of trade on such things as income and the environment.     

我国服务贸易适度开放问题之研究——基于承诺开放度的分析

本文利用承诺开放度分析了我国服务贸易的适度开放问题。鉴于已有的计算承诺开放度的方法存在一些不足之处,本文通过引入二级行业权重值和分贸易模式对具体承诺条款赋值的方法进行改进,计算了我国服务贸易各行业的承诺开放度。在此基础上,通过对各行业承诺开放度、实际开放度和国际竞争力的比较,发现存在过度开放和开放不足的服务行业,并分析了这些行业开放程度不合适的原因。     

中国服务贸易开放度研究

入世前中国在入世议定书中对服务贸易的开放作出了相关承诺。如今中国入世已近10年,服务贸易对外开放的进展情况如何?本文就这个问题采用修正过的对外贸易比率法进行了实证研究,并用同样的方法研究了美国的服务贸易开放度,然后对中美服务贸易开放度进行了比较。研究结果表明,中国服务贸易处于一个相对较高的水平,服务贸易开放的现状与我国入世承诺基本一致。     

贸易开放度与经济增长:基于中国与印度的比较研究

本文基于新经济增长理论,从贸易开放度视角对中国与印度经济增长进行了比较分析。结果表明:两国贸易开放度存在明显结构差异,中国以商品贸易为主,而印度服务贸易份额远高于中国;中国的总体贸易开放度高于印度,但两者之间的差距随着印度外贸加速发展而缩小;两国贸易开放度与经济增长存在长期均衡关系,中国贸易开放度对经济增长的促进效应略高于印度,但中国面临着由贸易引发的人民币升值和外部失衡冲突问题。     

In Defence Of Mutuality

“There was something a little unseemly about how the building societies intending to demutualise did so by encouraging their members to vote in favour with the inducement of significant payments in shares”. Should one have no regard for the intentions of those who produced the present capital accumulation, or for the idea of holding reserves in trust for future members? The author is DBM Professor of Corporate Governance at Leeds Business School, Leeds Metropolitan University, Calverley Street, Leeds LS1 3HE.     

贸易开放度与我国农村贫困的联系的实证研究

贸易开放与农村贫困的联系日益受到学者们的关注和研究,贸易自由化能够扩大一国的比较优势,但它对贫困的影响具有不确定性。本文对我国外贸-贫困联系的描述性实证分析表明,尽管贸易开放促进了经济增长,改善了农民福利,有助于农村贫困的减少,但不同地区种植不同农产品的农户受到的影响不尽相同。本文采用了省际面板数据回归估计方法,对我国贸易-贫困联系采用随机效应和固定效应模型的计量实证分析表明,我国贸易开放对贫困的影响具有倒J型特征。     

In Defence of Stakeholder Pragmatism

This article seeks to defend and develop a stakeholder pragmatism advanced in some of the work by Edward Freeman and colleagues. By positioning stakeholder pragmatism more in line with the democratic and ethical base in American pragmatism (as developed by William James, John Dewey and Richard Rorty), the article sets forth a fallibilistic stakeholder pragmatism that seeks to be more useful to companies by expanding the ways in which value is and can be created in a contingent world. A dialogue between a defence company and peace and arbitration society is used to illustrate the main plot of this article.     

Decision Debacles and How to Avoid Them

Decision debacles – decisions that go so wrong they are reported in the media – involve three mistakes: faulty decision practices, premature commitments, and misallocation of resources. These mistakes, together with the more detailed traps into which they draw decision-makers, are found in many decisions that go wrong without attracting media coverage. To avoid decision debacles, governments and organizations should apply the lessons derived from research into decision-making. These lessons include the need to spend time early in the process to uncover hidden or ethical concerns, care in managing the social and political forces that might block the decision, focussing on clear objectives, exploring a wide range of options and estimating risk. It is also important to root out perverse incentive structures to gain information needed for learning.     

贸易开放与区域收入空间效应——来自中国的证据

贸易开放能塑造一个国家的内部经济地理么？目前对发展中国家贸易开放的空间效应的实证研究还很有限.本文试图利用中国2010年324个地级行政单元(市、州、盟)和直辖市数据来回答贸易开放对中国区域收入的影响,文章引入空间杜宾模型进行实证分析,同时引入人力资本、人均资本投入、政府扶持等控制变量,研究发现:贸易开放、人力资本不仅能够提高本区域收入水平,同时也能相应提高相邻区域的收入水平;相反,人均资本投入和政府扶持只能提高本区域人均收入水平,对相邻区域会产生负的影响.     

贸易开放度、经济增长与劳动密集型产业结构调整

本文通过构建联立方程模型对贸易开放度、劳动密集型产业结构和经济增长之间的统计关系进行实证,同时利用VAR模型检验三者之间的相互作用。研究结果表明:经济增长不利于劳动密集型产业的发展,同时劳动密集型产业的发展也不利于经济增长;但贸易开放促进经济增长的同时阻碍了劳动密集型产业的发展。本文研究的政策含义是,当前政府应该优化劳动密集型产业结构,促进要素资源的合理配置;政府外贸政策的重心应该放在改变出口产业结构,使之朝着有利于转变经济增长方式的方向转变。     

贸易开放、出口商品结构与收入不平等——基于南北贸易模型的经验分析

本文通过构建一个南北贸易模型的分析框架,分析贸易开放对收入差距影响的作用机制,提出了出口商品结构变动影响收入差距的相关假说,并进行了实证检验。实证检验与理论假说基本一致:南北贸易引发的技术追赶对促进南方沿海出口商品结构的优化作用要显著大于内陆地区;出口商品结构优化能显著扩大内陆地区城镇居民收入差距,而对沿海地区城镇居民收入差距的影响不显著;出口商品结构优化总体上拉动了全国层面的城镇居民收入水平,但其对沿海和内陆地区城镇居民收入水平的拉动作用存在明显区别,出口商品结构优化显著提高了沿海地区城镇居民收入水平,但其对内陆地区城镇居民收入水平的拉动作用不显著,出口商品结构优化对不同地区城镇居民收入水平影响强度上的差别是导致我国地区间收入差距的一个重要因素。     

贸易开放对技能溢价的影响:理论机制与中国实证

本文利用WIOD-SEA数据库公布的最新数据,基于价格传导机制的理论推演,采用“委托工资回归法”就贸易开放对中国不同技能工人的工资水平及技能溢价的影响进行了“两步法”实证检验.与国内已有研究相比较,本文有三点开创性的发现:第一,以关税减让为表征的贸易开放对中国国内产品价格具有显著的负向影响作用;第二,该作用传导至劳动力市场,导致中等技能工人工资水平的提高和低技能工人工资水平的下降,从而扩大了技能溢价;第三,上述实证结论在对标准误估计偏误进行修正后仍然显著成立.     

贸易开放度与经济增长研究进展述评

文章以贸易开放度度量指标的构建方式将贸易开放度的度量方法分为指标体系法和模型构建法进行阐述,并对每类方法存在的问题进行了评论;尽管贸易开放度与经济增长的关系在理论上有较为一致的观点.但是在实证研究方面却出现了不一致的结论,文章就实证研究结论不一致的原因进行了分析与评论.     

中国的贸易开放与工资收入差距——来自微观数据的经验研究

文章运用CHIP1988、1995和2002年的数据,从工资收入的技能溢价和行业溢价方面考察了高技能与低技能劳动者之间的工资收入差距。结果表明:劳动力市场上的工资收入差距扩大,且与劳动者的受教育程度有关,工资收入的组间不平等主要来源于具有较高受教育程度的劳动者;对于较高学历的劳动者来说,工资收入技能溢价的增长还受到所处行业的影响,并且行业内高技能与低技能劳动者的工资收入差距是减小的,验证了传统国际贸易理论提出的贸易开放缩小发展中国家的工资收入差距。     

汇率、贸易开放度与经济增长:短期波动与长期均衡——基于自回归分布滞后模型的经验研究

文章通过构建自回归分布滞后模型研究了汇率波动情况下贸易开放度与经济增长的长期关系,然后建立误差修正模型对两者之间的短期关系进行了刻画,重点考察了1978-2008年我国贸易开放度与经济增长在不同阶段的影响机制。经验分析结果表明,外商直接投资和贸易开放度对经济增长的短期效应大于长期效应;而人民币实际汇率对于经济增长的效应,则是长期效应大于短期效应。当外商直接投资、贸易开放度和人民币实际汇率造成的短期波动偏离长期的均衡时,经济增长能够通过自动调整趋于稳定。     

中国贸易开放对碳排放作用机制的实证研究

本文以贸易开放影响环境污染的"三效应假说"为理论依据,运用修正的GML指数法将2000-2010年中国省级的碳排放分解为经济规模变动、环境全要素生产率变动和投入产出结构变动三个部分,然后在控制变量内生性、时间趋势等因素的基础上分别对贸易开放进行回归,以检验贸易开放对碳排放的规模效应、技术效应和结构效应。研究发现:贸易开放总体上增大了碳排放,主要源于正的技术效应,其次源于正的规模效应;贸易开放的结构效应为负,但不显著;由于环境规制力度的中外差异,贸易开放通过恶化技术效率与前沿技术水平两种路径引致环境全要素生产率下降,从而形成正的技术效应。