ECONOMIC TRANSITION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: THE CONSEQUENCES FOR TRADE STRUCTURE AND TRADE VOLUME

The foreign policy literature typically sees Congress abdicating its policy making role to the executive, implying a presidential dominance model is superior to other policy process models (joint participation, congressional dominance, and bureaucratic dominance). This article uses two theoretical approaches to investigate who actually makes U.S. trade policy: a political economy approach and an institutional approach. We look at the 1985 96 period and at individual presidencies: Reagan (1985-88), Bush (1989-92), and Clinton (1993-96). Contrary to the literature, we find strong evidence that Congress is an active participant in the trade policy making process. Using a variety of empirical techniques (crosstabs, the Index of Revealed Comparative Advantage, pairwise correlations, and stepwise logistic regressions), we confirm that the trade policy process for product-industry-specific policies tends to be dominated by Congress whereas the executive branch is more influential in the policy process for country-specific policies. We conclude by noting the advantage of integrating aspects of both the political economy of trade and institu tional literatures to understand the nuances of U.S. foreign trade policy making.     

牟利型犯罪的经济分析

对牟利型犯罪的经济分析是以成本收益为工具 ,着重对牟利型犯罪的个人成本、社会成本、个人收益和社会收益进行分析 ,并建立了衡量牟利型犯罪的个人成本、社会成本、个人收益和社会收益的模式 ,在此基础上得出对牟利犯罪应优先适用财产刑的结论。     

江都，扬州开发的前沿阵地

记者从下榻处驱车半个多小时，来到江都经济开发区。这里是扬州开发的前沿阵地。     

THE SUBORDINATION OF BRITISH WOMEN - SOME CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

We live in an unequal society, half of whose members, women, are thought of as naturally subordinate to and dependent on the other half, men. In spite of considerable advances in the 20th Century, sexist ideology still pervades our everyday lives and women are traditionally subordinate to men in their domestic, work and more general societal roles. What or which are the causal variables in this equation? Is it patriarchy itself which causes the subordination of women in the paid labour market? Is it rather the capitalist mode of production and women's exploited position within this system that is the cause of their economic dependence, and in turn their more general subordination to men? The author considers the subordination of women both historically and in contemporary society.     

主要经贸大国对外经济关系中国家经济安全战略及立法

随着世界各经济体之间的联系日益密切，经济安全问题也逐渐受到关注。国家经济安全是国家利益的核心表现，体现在对外经济关系以及经济活动的各个领域之中。美、欧、日作为世界备受瞩目的三大经济体，制定了侧重点各不相同的经济安全战略和具体的政策法规。     

纷繁复杂的格局下更应把握好经济改革的方向

2012年的经济格局将呈现变化无常的态势。由于欧债问题凸显出欧元机制的内在缺陷,美国经济在企业修复资产负债表的"瘦身"行动和社会贫富差距扩大的矛盾中呈现出来的失业率居高不下的现象,以及当年处在世界制造     

新经济时代的高科技产业

当今世界经济发展已经进入了一个新的历史阶段 ,即知识经济时代。在知识经济时代 ,高科技产业成为经济增长的第一支柱产业。当代国际社会的竞争 ,是综合国力的竞争 ,是科学技术的竞争。而高科技产业已经成为当今国际竞争的焦点和大国竞相争夺的战略制高点。     

THE UNEQUALIZING EFFECTS OF ICT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH

We analyse the effects of information and communication technology (ICT) on levels and growth of per capita GDP in two different ways: (1) by treating ICT as a specific type of physical capital and as a variable that helps to correct for quality existing physical capital measures, and (2) by considering that telephone lines, personal computers and internet hosts are ‘bottleneck‐reducing’ factors that increase the productivity of labour by making easier the diffusion and processing of (non‐rivalrous and almost non‐excludable) knowledge. We compare the relative significance of the two hypotheses in level and growth estimates and find that, when separately taken, both of them improve upon the classical Mankiw et al. (Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 107 (1992), pp. 407–437)/Islam (Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 110 (1995), pp. 1127–1169) framework. These findings show that our approach captures dimensions of time‐varying country‐specific technological progress that previous approaches in the literature did not take into account.     

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THE EFFECTS OF FISCAL POLICY

The macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy are analyzed using a Keynesian growth model. Comparative static analysis shows that the long‐run effects of an increase in public spending and a decrease in taxation on economic growth and government budget balance depend on the relative size of marginal propensity to consume and invest and could be positive under certain conditions. Empirical estimates show that consumption and production structure have changed significantly from 1930s to 2007; both positive and negative effects on growth and budget balance of the same fiscal policy are found in different time periods.     

中西法律起源的经济分析

资源的稀缺性和人的有限理性是对中西法律起源进行经济分析的前提 ,经济学中的成本理论和马克思主义政治经济学的观点是对中西法律的起源进行比较分析的工具。在此基础上 ,法律被论证为在资源稀缺的前提下基于降低社会成本的作用而产生 ,中西法律起源的不同是由其经济基础、征战成本和社会成本不同决定的。     

WTO绿箱政策与农业经济结构调整

中国加入WTO要实行绿箱政策。应充分利用WTO的农业政策与规则,加大政府对农业的支持力度,从根本上增强中国农业与世界同行的竞争力。中国农业应对入世需要解决的主要问题：一是农业体制创新;二是调整农村产业结构;三是加强农业服务;四是农业生产资料的生产和销售;五是减轻农民负担,扩大农民就业。     

UNDERSTANDING THE FINANCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE BULLWHIP EFFECT IN A MULTI‐ECHELON SUPPLY CHAIN

This article is concerned with how supply chain strategies can mitigate the Bullwhip Effect and inflated inventories from the perspective of the central firm (typically a manufacturer) in the supply chain. We first outline a base case scenario with a validated system dynamics simulation model, using supply chain characteristics as reported by a real firm, in this case a Mexican electronics supplier to U.S. automobile assemblers. We find, surprisingly, that a lower Bullwhip Effect Index (BE) does not always lead to lower costs in the supply chain studied. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis suggests some interesting, counterintuitive results. The implications of these findings are further developed as we test how lead time reduction can also reduce the Bullwhip Effect in the simulated setting.     

全球化背景下农产品供应链的发展及对策研究

在全球化背景下,构建和发展我国农产品供应链体系迫在眉睫。本文在借鉴国外经验的前提下,分析了我国农产品供应链的结构模式,并提出促进农产品供应链发展的对策。     

当前深化开放型经济体制改革的若干问题

为应对国际金融危机冲击,除了采取经济刺激措施外,还应通过深化改革寻求生机.当前,开放型经济领域应围绕加工贸易产品内销、解决贸易融资、跨境交易人民币结算、外汇储备管理多元化等四个重大问题继续推进体制和管理机制改革.