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1.
双边抑或多边:论FTA对WTO多边贸易体制的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
由于多哈发展议程陷入困境,使WTO的多边贸易体制正遭受前所未有的挑战。与WTO多边谈判举步维艰不同的是,自由贸易协定和区域性贸易安排正如火如荼进行。FTA在推动WTO多边贸易体制发展的同时也对其构成了威胁。但是由于FTA本身的局限性,以及当前国际金融危机之下的贸易保护主义盛行,WTO多边贸易体制需要不断的完善,以促进世界经济的恢复与发展。  相似文献   

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This paper examines a wide range of issues relating to the mix between loans and grants as well as the degree of concessionality of loans. A number of empirical tests are carried out based on annual panel data over 1970 to 1999 for 22 donor countries and 72 recipient countries. Based on the tests, we observe that for bilateral donors, past grant‐loan mix (and, hence, reflows from past transfers) do not influence the volume of current resource transfers. Our tests also show that the rate of official borrowing by the recipients (and, by deduction, the extent of their past debt burden) is positively influenced by the extent of the concessionality of such loans – irrespective of whether it is in the form of subsidised interest rates or longer grace periods. The paper concludes with a review of the circumstances in which grants, soft loans and non‐concessional loans might have their respective comparative advantage, as well as a discussion of the need, so as to overcome the negative incentive problems of soft loans, for a typical concessional loan package to be separated into two constituent parts. This would enable the recipient to be given the grant component and the option to take from the non‐concessional loan component as much as desired.  相似文献   

4.
基于面板数据的经济因素与地区税负关系研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文选取1994-2006年全国各省、直辖市、自治区的税收收入和经济方面的相关数据,采用计量的方法将经济发展水平、经济结构、经济质量分别与东部、中部、西部及直辖市这四个地区的税收负担进行了定量分析。结果表明,相同经济因素与不同地区税收负担的相关性有所不同,即使在相关性相同的情况下,其影响程度也存在着一定的差别。为了地区经济能够持续发展,根据各地区的不同情况,用调整税收优惠力度、完善税收制度等方法来减少地区税负不合理的地方。  相似文献   

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多边贸易体制60周年:成就和挑战   总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1  
从GATT到WTO的变迁,标志着二战后建立的多边贸易体制迈进了一个新的里程碑。相对以GATT为核心的旧多边贸易体制而言,以WTO为核心的新体制在国际贸易规则方面作了重要修改和突破。WTO的目标是建立一个完整的、更可行的和持久的多边贸易体制,以包括GATT、以往自由化努力的结果以及乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判的全部成果。但多边贸易体制已进入一个政策不稳定的时期并面临着新的挑战,多边贸易体制必须及时地适应世界经济的变化和应对新的挑战,在全球贸易自由化和多边贸易体制改革之间求得妥善的平衡。多哈谈判肩负着修复多边贸易体制信任危机和重塑权威的重任。推动多边贸易自由化谈判仍是WTO成员各方共同的现实选择。只有建立在制度性合作基础上的互利、共赢、共存、共生理念才是多边贸易体制赖以存在,并继续扮演全球贸易管理者和协调者角色的现实基础。  相似文献   

7.
本文对影响东道国境内外资银行商业存在规模的各类因素进行归纳和分析,并选取了具有代表性的33个WTO成员作为实证研究的对象,通过对研究对象方外资银行商业存在规模影响因素的数据收集、处理、分析和检验,发现外国银行在东道国设立商业存在的规模,与东道国与其母国的经济一体化程度呈正相关关系,与东道国的盈利机会相关性强但并不明确,与东道国的制度设置相关性很强。  相似文献   

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Abstract

Businesses and entrepreneurs are rushing to the Internet to do business and reach new markets. While the Internet is used for cutting cost and generating revenue by conducting business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce (EC) and business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce, existing businesses and entrepreneurs are finding tremendous challenges to succeed. This paper examines the factors that are critical to the success of any company's e-commerce initiative and makes recommendations to businesses and entrepreneurs so they can overcome the challenges and exploit the opportunities presented by the Internet.  相似文献   

9.
本文阐述了法定央行独立性通过提高货币政策可信度进而发挥反通货膨胀效应的作用机理,在对现有关于法定央行独立性反通胀效应的相关研究文献进行分析的基础上,讨论了支持这种效应的现有经验证据的可信性,进一步分析了司法独立性、政治制度特征、金融基础结构和社会文化环境等因素对央行法定独立性反通胀效应的制约作用.一些发展中国家和转型国家法定央行独立性的反通胀效应不显著就与这些因素有关.  相似文献   

10.
世贸组织与国际多边环境协议的潜在冲突及解决方式   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了保护全球环境,国际社会通过合作方式缔结了有关的国际公约,并制定了环境保护规范与政策,以解决日益严重的全球性环境问题。而这些规范与政策的实施可能与世贸组织的自由贸易原则存在潜在的冲突,从而引发贸易与环境平衡发展的争议。如果这种潜在冲突持续存在下去,不仅严重损害两者的有效运作,而且可能对国际环境法的发展产生负面影响。倘若这种潜在冲突得以有效妥善解决,将会带来双赢的结局,本文就这一问题进行初步探讨。  相似文献   

11.
区域财政收入分配不合理会造成财政失衡,缩小财力差距有助于建立财力协调、区域均衡的现代央地财政关系.本文利用2016年增值税分享改革研究了税收分享对财政失衡的影响,并提出了重构增值税分享比例的新方案.研究发现:增值税分享改革在一定程度上缓解了“营改增”造成的纵向财政失衡,但加剧了横向财政失衡,拉大了区域财力差距;横向财政失衡加深是由于增值税分享改革后区域财政能力分化程度扩大导致的;调整增值税征收原则和分享方式,有助于降低区域间财政失衡程度.本文的研究对于理顺政府间财政关系具有借鉴意义,有利于进一步厘清现代政府间财政关系的内涵,推进现代财政制度建设.  相似文献   

12.
论多边环境协定与世贸组织规则的冲突与协调   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
多边环境协定与世贸组织规则的关系问题在近年的争论中获得了新进展。多边环境协定中的某些贸易限制条款确实与世贸组织规则发生冲突,如何协调和解决目前仍然悬而未决。无论世贸组织成员及其贸易部长还是各国学者都对该问题极为关注,并提出协调两者关系和解决两者间冲突的种种建议,试图保持多边环境协定缔约国和世贸组织成员在多边环境体制与多边贸易体制之间的利益平衡。  相似文献   

13.
虽然许多研究强调急救培训对拯救人类生命的重要性,但是人们都缺少急救知识和急救技能。突发事件后的第一专业救助对于个体的生与死起着重要的作用。酒店员工个体的急救能力是一个影响员工安全服务绩效的重要因素。本研究的目的是评估酒店员工的急救能力,并研究员工的个人特征、工作因素与员工急救能力的关系,以及员工急救能力的内在构成要素之间的关系。该研究以酒店业员工作为调研对象,通过方差分析和回归分析进行了实证检验。研究发现,性别、部门、职位、受教育程度和是否接受过急救培训等对急救能力的影响显著,是否拥有急救证书则对急救能力的影响不大;员工的急救知识对急救技能有显著的正向影响,对急救态度的影响不显著;急救态度对急救技能的影响也不显著。这一研究结果对酒店的急救培训项目的实施和改进具有一定的参考价值。  相似文献   

14.
The formation of R&D alliances has become an increasingly popular way to achieve improved innovation outcomes. However, R&D alliances face high failure rates due to the dual nature, cooperation and competition, of what can be a very challenging inter-firm relationship, a problem that is compounded when an alliance involves more than two partners. As such, it is important to understand the mechanisms that encourage cooperation in multilateral alliances to help firms achieve desired innovation outcomes. In this study, we hypothesize two such mechanisms: equity governance structure and multi-technology scope. We test our hypotheses using panel data from the pharmaceutical industry spanning 15 years. Our results support the idea that equity governance and having a multiple technology scope are positively related to innovation outcomes in multilateral alliances.  相似文献   

15.
We study the endogenous network formation of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements by means of hypergraphs and introduce the equilibrium concept of multilateral stability. We consider multicountry settings with a firm in each country that produces a homogeneous good and competes as a Cournot oligopolist in each market. Under endogenous tariffs, we find that a multilateral trade agreement governing the rules and norms of tariff setting, that is the WTO/GATT regime itself, together with a bilateral preferential trade agreement (PTA) is multilaterally stable. We also find that the existence of the WTO is necessary for the stability of the trading system. We further analyse the impact of PTAs on multilateral tariffs within the WTO. We find that the formation of PTAs increases countries' incentives for multilateral tariff reduction.  相似文献   

16.
筹资风险来源于企业资金使用效益的不确定性、资金调度的不合理性。针对筹资风险的不同成因,应提高资金使用效益,降低投资风险;注重筹资杠杆,适度举债,优化资金结构;合理调度资金,维护资产的流动性;建立偿债基金,增强风险自担能力。  相似文献   

17.
在已有研究的基础上,验证计划行为理论在预测问答社区参与意向时的有效性,同时证实问答社区用户参与动机与参与意向之间的关系.问卷调查和实证分析结果表明,有形回报、利他愉悦和自我学习对问答社区参与态度具有正向影响,问答社区参与态度、主观规范以及感知行为控制中的资源条件对问答社区参与意向有正向影响.  相似文献   

18.
安贺  汤峰  张辉 《检验检疫科学》2011,(4):42-45,74
由于当前技术水平的局限,国内外大型油轮装货前卸货后的底油量始终无法较为准确的测定,从而直接影响了装货和卸货的船测数据准确性。近年来,在舟山口岸进行清洗舱作业的大型油轮逐渐增加,根据海关监管的需要,船方委托我公司对所有外籍油轮最终清洗出来的油污水、含油量、油泥等进行数重量鉴定。通过对这些数据进行收集分析,发现实际清洗出来的油品数量与在日常的鉴定工作中对油轮的底油进行计量所得的数量有一定的差别。本文通过对影响底油量的一些因素逐一进行数据分析,从中得到一些经验和规律,以供鉴定人员在日常的船舱计量工作中作为参考。  相似文献   

19.
We examine the relationship between network characteristics and innovation under different phases of innovation. Based on micro data of cross industry groups, small firm networks for knowledge sharing and R&D cooperation, we show that close-knit networks, represented as dense communication and a high level of commitment among members, are correlated with initiating joint product development. Furthermore, the results show that establishing contact with external sources of knowledge such as public research institutes is important to achieve technical success in innovation. Lastly, engaging in cooperative activities in sales is correlated with commercial success in innovation.  相似文献   

20.
With the proliferation of regional trade agreements since the late 1980s and early 1990s, preferential rules of origin have also proliferated. The discussion on these rules has gradually shifted from a purely technical discussion (“how to establish the origin of goods not wholly obtained in one country”, and hence, “how to apply trade preferences in these cases”) to a wider discussion also touching upon the transaction costs caused by having a “spaghetti bowl” of rules, and the actual or presumed neo-protectionist use that is being made of them. In the context of the discussion on possible policy options for developing countries simultaneously involved in (or negotiating) regional and multilateral trade agreements, this article will first give a brief overview of the findings of the recent empirical literature. Some indications are then presented as to what such policy options could look like. This paper was first presented at the Ad-hoc Expert Group Meeting on The Development Interface between the Multilateral Trading System and Regional Trade Agreements, Session III Regulatory Provisions in RTAs, Palais des Nations, Geneva, 15-16 March 2007. It is partly based on P. De Lombaerde, L. J. Garay : Preferential Rules of Origin: EU and NAFTA Regulatory Models and the WTO, in: The Journal of World Investment & Trade, Vol. 6, No. 6, 2005, pp. 953-994; and L. J. Garay, P. De Lombaerde: Preferential Rules of Origin: Models and Levels of Rulemaking, in: S. Woolcock (ed.): Trade and Investment Rulemaking: The Role of Regional and Bilateral Agreements, Tokyo 2006, UNU Press, pp. 78-106.  相似文献   

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