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为加强电力需求侧管理,做好有序用电工作,发改委制定了《有序用电管理办法》并于近日发布。《有序用电管理办法》全文如下:第一章总则第一条为落实科学发展观,加强电力需求侧管理,确保电网安全稳定运行,保障社会用电秩序,根据《中华人民共和国电力法》 相似文献
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《中国石油和化工经济分析》2004,(3):11-11
国务院国有资产监督管理委员会、财政部近期公布了《企业国有产权转让管理暂行办法》，对企业国有产权转让行为的决策、批准及交易的操作程序等进行了规范，并明确了相关各方的法律责任。办法自2004年2月1日起施行。此办法的出台，旨在规范企业国有产权转让行为，加强企业国 相似文献
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The impact of new product launch strategies on competitive reaction in industrial markets 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Marion Debruyne Rudy Moenaertb Abbie Griffinc Susan Hartd Erik Jan Hultinke Henry Robben 《Journal of Product Innovation Management》2002,19(2):159-170
The importance of successful innovation for the long‐term performance of companies can hardly be exaggerated. However, we need to consider this in a dynamic setting, in which competitors do not remain passive. We find that two thirds of new product launches meet reaction by competitors after their launch. We also empirically demonstrate that the strategic launch decisions that managers take have an effect on future reaction by competitors. Following an extensive review of the literature, a propositional model is developed. In order to test this theoretical model, an ex post facto field study was designed, in which the authors obtained comprehensive information on 509 new industrial products launched in the US, the UK and the Netherlands. Competitive reaction is diagnosed in terms of changes in the marketing instruments of the competitor. A logistic regression model is estimated on the occurrence of competitive reaction with any marketing instrument. We also look at the occurrence of individual marketing instrument reactions. The data show that competitors react primarily by means of price changes. Product assortment and promotional changes are less frequent, whereas distribution policy modifications occur very rarely. The characteristics of the new product launch strategy were found to have a significant impact on both the occurrence and nature of competitive reactions. We claim that the competitive effect of radically new products and incrementally new products greatly differs. The results show that competitors fail to respond to radical innovations and to new products that employ a niche strategy. They do react if a new product can be assessed within an existing product category and thus represent an unambiguous attack. Both innovative and imitative new products meet reaction in this case. The results also demonstrate that competitors are more inclined to react to the introduction of new products that are supported by extensive communication by the innovating firm. The likelihood of reaction is also higher in high growth markets than in low growth markets. The article discusses theoretical and managerial implications of these results, as well as thoughts for future research that may add more insight. 相似文献