美国对外贸易及其政策的变化

美国虽然不是一个外向型经济的国家,但鉴于它的进出口贸易在国际贸易总额中所占的份额和在美国经济中日益重要的作用,美国的对外贸易政策自二战以来就开始具有世界性的影响。美国的对外贸易政策也因此长期受到各方的关注。从大范围来看,在立国200多年的历史中,美国的对外贸易政策大致经历过三个阶段的变化。     

The Politics of Japan–China Trade and the Role of the World Trade System

The large and rapidly growing trade relationship between Japan and China has occurred against a backdrop of political tensions. This study measures performance of the trade relationship, benchmarking it against other trade flows worldwide, and examines the impact of the politics on bilateral trade performance. To do this, a frontier gravity model is estimated using core determinants of trade. This gives a benchmark against which to measure trade performance, explained using resistances to trade. While the economic relationship is not independent from the politics, an important conclusion is that trade has not been diminished or disturbed by politics to a significant extent. China’s commitment to the global trading system from the mid‐1980s and its accession to the WTO in 2001 has meant that tensions in the political relationship with Japan from time to time have not derailed, but rather have increasingly come to be dominated, by the economic relationship.     

The Effects of Cultural Distance,Free Trade Agreements,and Protectionism on Perceived Export Barriers

ABSTRACT

This article addresses the questions as to whether cultural distance and a free trade agreement with a trade bloc, as well as protectionism, have an impact on perceived external export barriers. The evaluation of a mail survey of chief executive officers from 459 Norwegian companies shows that protectionism has a strong significant effect on the level of perceived external export barriers. The cultural distance to the export markets has only a small effect, while the free trade agreement with the European Union has no effect.     

Malaysia – Trade Policy Review 2006

The Trade Policy Review (TPR) is an important document for small open economies like Malaysia. It provides an outsider perspective of its trade policies and implementation. In this paper we provide an update of the Malaysian economy emphasising the degree of competitiveness vis‐à‐vis other Asian counterparts. We also discuss the issue of regional and bilateral trading agreements involving Malaysia with a focus on the services sector. Finally, we briefly consider the issue of tariff protection – an issue raised by many commentators of the TPR.     

The Return of the Reciprocitarians — US Trade Policy Today

‘We are always willing to be trade partners, but never trade patsies’— President Ronald Reagan, State of the Union Message, Washington, 1987     

美国贸易保护主义阴影下的中美贸易关系

中国入世后 ,中国输美产品扩大在美国的市场准入的同时 ,遭遇了美方高频度的贸易保护主义措施。探究美方此种措施的原因 ,使我们认识到贸易摩擦是中美贸易关系的另一个常态。进一步的研究和分析 ,支持这样的观点 :笼罩在中美贸易关系上的美国贸易保护主义的阴影 ,尽管并不会逆转中美贸易关系发展的大方向 ,然而应引起我们的重视并探寻对策。     

美国巨额贸易逆差能维持吗

20世纪90年代以来,美国经常项目赤字不断膨胀,而美国出现的私人投资、消费高潮与高额财政赤字是其产生的主要原因。通过对基本因素与短期因素的考察,综合分析美国经济状况以及美元地位等因素后,得出的结论是近期美国经常项目赤字将保持增加趋势。     

2000年美国对外贸易状况

美国作为世界头号贸易大国是中国最主要的贸易伙伴之一,其贸易发展变化对我国外贸影响很大。总结美国过去一年的对外贸易,进一步了解美国的贸易地位、进出口商品结构、服务贸易结构、贸易平衡状况、贸易流向和贸易发展变化趋向等十分必要,对我国有关部门及时制定相关政策,帮助企业抓住商机调整发展战略,均有重大意义。     

文化特征对文化贸易出口二元边际的影响

本文利用中国1996—2013年文化贸易产品数据库进行实证分析,结果表明:相同宗教信仰、中华文化圈以及相同殖民史等因素显著提升了文化贸易二元边际水平,但是文化距离因素具有一定的抑制效应;文化特征变量只在绘画作品、图书等核心文化产品样本中存在显著的影响效应;对于贸易持续期较长的样本,文化特征的影响效应较为明显。基于此,要正确看待和把握出口目的国文化特征对文化贸易的复杂影响,着重提升文化贸易出口企业的贸易持续期,积极发挥文化特征对核心文化产品出口的促进效应。     

On the Role of Distance for Bilateral Trade

This study addresses the role of distance in a partial equilibrium model of bilateral trade and tests hypotheses in a large panel data‐set of trade flows. The analysis obtains three implications regarding the empirical specification of trade frictions in gravity models. Two results illustrate the relevance of the approach.     

An Interim Assessment of the US Trade Policy of ‘Competitive Liberalization’

Since 2001, the Administration of George W. Bush has pursued a trade policy known as Competitive Liberalization. This policy envisages a series of mutually‐reinforcing and sequential steps to open markets abroad to US companies, to strengthen market‐oriented laws and regulations overseas, and to place the United States at the centre of the world trading system. Foreign and security policy considerations have influenced US trade policy making, perhaps more so than in the 1990s. To date the principal outcome of this policy has been the negotiation by the United States of numerous free trade agreements, mainly with developing countries, individually or in sub‐regional groupings. In addition to characterising this policy in detail, the principal purpose of this paper is to assess the logic underlying this approach to trade policy making and whether Competitive Liberalization has begun to fulfil the promise spelled out for it at the beginning of this decade.     

中国文化贸易结构和贸易竞争力分析

基于文化产品和服务进出口数据,对中国文化贸易结构、国际市场占有率、贸易竞争力指数、显示性比较优势指数的分析表明,尽管中国是文化产品出口第一大国,但文化贸易结构不合理,文化产业总体国际竞争力较弱且发展不平衡;中国文化贸易的竞争优势主要体现在手工艺品、设计、视觉艺术品和新媒体这些外围的文化产品中,具有核心内容的影视媒介、音乐媒介、出版物及版权、文化休闲娱乐服务等文化出口比重低、竞争力弱。