现金持有对家族企业市场竞争力的影响——基于CEO来源的视角

当前我国家族企业已陆续进入代际传承的重要阶段,企业CEO也出现了由一代、二代或外部经理人这三种不同来源的安排。不同来源的CEO从现金持有的交易动机、预防动机和代理动机出发,会选择不同的现金持有战略,从而影响企业的市场竞争力。文章以2010-2014年沪深两市A股上市家族企业为研究对象,研究现金持有水平与企业市场竞争力之间的一般关系,并根据家族企业的特殊性和差异性,推断家族企业现金持有是否同样具有竞争优势,还进一步研究家族企业不同CEO来源对现金持有竞争优势的影响。研究发现,家族企业的现金持有能够增强企业的市场竞争力,即家族企业存在现金持有的竞争优势。而且家族企业CEO的不同来源会对企业现金持有的竞争优势产生较大影响,具体说,家族创始人CEO由于维护社会情感财富和代际传承等原因,可能会损害企业现金持有的竞争优势,降低家族企业现金持有价值;家族二代CEO出于二次创业的动力,反而会加强企业现金持有的竞争优势;外部经理人担任CEO为了个人声誉和薪酬,也会显著加强企业现金持有的竞争优势。文章从家族企业这一特殊样本出发,丰富了家族企业现金持有竞争优势的研究,并从家族企业代际传承的视角,独特地研究了不同CEO来源对家族企业现金持有竞争优势的重要影响,同时也扩展了代际传承经济后果的研究。     

自由现金流、控制结构与投资——对A股和香港上市公司的比较研究

文章从控制结构和市场环境角度对A股和香港上市公司的投资—现金流敏感性作了比较研究。本文的研究发现,A股和香港上市公司的投资与自由现金流存在显著的正相关关系。控制结构是投资—现金流敏感性的影响因素,多数制衡控制、多数独占控制和少数状态依存控制结构的投资—现金流敏感性依次增加。处在不同的市场环境中,投资—现金流敏感性水平也会表现出差异。香港本地股的投资与自由现金流之间的相关关系最强,其次为A+H股和A股。     

Cash demand and financial literacy: A case study using Japanese survey data

Understanding the statistical relationship between cash demand and financial literacy is important in addressing policy concerns in Japan because the government has tried to reduce cash demands for day-to-day transactions and hoarding. However, few scholars have investigated this point because the available statistics on household cash demand do not contain the standard proxy variable for financial literacy and they do not distinguish cash demands among various households for day-to-day transactions and hoarding. Findings from this research fill these gaps by first imputing the missing financial literacy variable from other surveys and then by comparing the distribution of cash holdings for the high, middle, and low levels of financial literacy groups. In comparing the distributions of cash holdings by the three groups, cash distributions were also compared after dropping the observations above higher percentiles, expecting that the cash demand for hoarding would show up in the higher percentile of the cash distributions. Thus, it was possible to examine cash demands for day-to-day transactions. A comparison of the distribution of the ratio of cash demands to total financial assets holdings plus cash demands (hereafter cash ratio) across three levels of financial literacy groups was also made. It was found that a person with a higher level of financial literacy tends to have a large amount of cash holdings, perhaps mainly for the sake of hoarding; however, the person also tends to have other kinds of financial assets and thus a lower cash ratio value. Taking those findings at face value, the promotion of financial literacy and cashless payments for day-to-day transactions would reduce the relatively small amount of cash demands for day-to-day transactions, but it would not necessarily reduce the amount of cash demands for hoarding.     

International trade and the U.S. automobile industry: Current research, issues, and questions

This paper has dual goals. On the one hand, it attempts a review of recent econometric work on the U.S. automobile industry. Three studies of this industry are reviewed, compared, and contrasted. These are studies by Koujianou Goldberg [Koujianou Goldberg, P., 1993, U.S. trade policy implications of a new approach to modelling the demand for automobiles, mimeo (Princeton University)], Feenstra and Levinsohn [Feenstra, R. and J. Levinsohn, 1994, Estimating markups and market conduct with multidimensional product attributes, Review of Economic Studies, forthcoming] and Berry et al. [Berry, S., J. Levinsohn and A. Pakes, 1994, Automobile prices in market equilibrium, Econometrica, forthcoming]. On the other hand, a number of current policy issues facing the industry are also reviewed. These issues include the Voluntary Export Restraint applying to exports from Japan, the NAFTA, anti-dumping law, and industry globalization. The paper provides a broad overview, then, of econometric and policy issues as they relate to the U.S. automobile industry.     

Daily price adjustments in the U.S. market for natural gas

A daily model of cash market for natural gas in the U.S. is presented and estimated over 1997. The model develops the notion that the expected rather than the actual amount of gas in storage (along with weather) and storage changes impact the current daily cash price. These notions are supported by the estimations presented. At the daily observation level, reported changes in storage levels are signals that actual consumption or production are either as expected and result in no price pressure or are not as expected and do result in price pressures.     

Market linkages between the U.S. and Japan: an application to the fisheries industry

Recent trends in globalization of Pacific Basin commodity markets raises important questions concerning the nature of market integration and price linkages. This paper examines this issue by testing for price linkages between the United States and Japan for two species whose exports from the U.S. to Japan have risen considerably over the past decade. Empirical results indicate segmentation of price linkages for sablefish but probable price linkages for some thornyhead markets. Findings suggest that markets for these species may be less sensitive to price changes in Japan than would be expected based on commodity flows.     

自由现金流量与企业股利政策的关系

本文探讨了企业股利政策与自由现金流量之间的关系,认为适当的股利政策可以提高企业价值,以达到股东财富最大化的目标.同时本文分析了企业的发展会经历创业期、成长期、成熟期和衰退期,在每一发展阶段企业获取的自由现金流量不同,因此应制订不同的股利政策.     

美日技术创新与贸易竞争优势演变差异的结构性因素分析——基于固定市场份额模型的分析

作为世界上最大的两个技术创新和贸易强国,美国和日本技术创新绩效与贸易结构的优化在上世纪80年代后期开始体现出明显的差异并导致贸易竞争力的较大反差。本文借用固定市场份额法,对美日两国从上世纪80年代末到本世纪初技术创新的产业分布和出口市场份额变动的结构效应进行分解和实证分析,从而得出:两国从上世纪80年代末开始,技术创新产业选择方向出现了明显的不同,从而产业结构(贸易结构)的转换出现了较大差异,美国结构成功转型,贸易竞争优势得到了明显的提高;而日本产业结构和贸易结构转型一直在摸索阶段,结构升级的缓慢是日本贸易竞争优势有所下降的内在原因。     

公司现金持有：交易需求还是预防性储蓄？

本文理论模型说明现金持有作为公司运营资本的一部分,是企业正常运转不可或缺的生产要素。公司正常的交易需求和为应对未来不确定性的预防性需求是现金持有的主要原因。利用我国上市公司数据实证结果支持了理论模型的结论。同时经验结果还支持现金持有的权衡理论而不支持代理理论。     

Executive Cash Compensation and Corporate Performance During Different Economic Cycles*

Current practice of management cash compensation is based on financial targets. The financial targets for a year may be above, equal to, or below the previous year's publicly available performance measures based in part on the prevailing economic conditions. Accordingly, during economic downturn, a flat relation between changes in management cash compensation and simple changes in corporate performance, like annual profits or return on equity, is predicted, while during economic growth, a positive relation is predicted between changes of management cash compensation and corporate performance measures. The evidence in this study is based on the period 1987‐95. Pooled, cross‐sectional results are consistent with the propositions of no relation between changes in management cash compensation and changes in measures of corporate performance during periods of economic downturn and significant positive relation during economic growth. Further sensitivity analysis of these results with respect to market‐based performance measures, size, and industry classifications confirm the main results.     

Exchange market pressure, trade, sovereign credit ratings, and U.S. exports in banking services

As a leader in providing banking services in the global market, it is important to understand the variables that influence U.S. exports in banking services. This paper examines the influence that trade, sovereign credit ratings, and exchange market pressure have on U.S. exports of banking services. The empirical evidence indicates that higher trade activity and a higher sovereign credit rating reduce U.S. exports of banking services. The results also suggest that exchange market pressure positively affects U.S. exports of banking services. Tests for individual and random effects across units suggest most of the variation in the estimators is within units.     

分析师的现金流预测有用吗——基于信息供给的视角

文章考察了证券分析师现金流预测行为对盈余预测质量的影响。研究发现,相对于没有现金流预测的公司,有预测的公司其盈余预测质量更高;现金流预测的次数越多,盈余预测质量越高;以上关系在盈余波动大、经营活动现金流波动大的公司更加明显。这说明我国分析师提供现金流预测信息的确有用,能够帮助分析师改善其盈余预测质量。文章的发现具有重要的实践价值,能够帮助投资者了解分析师现金流预测对盈余预测的影响,从而更有效地利用证券分析师报告进行决策。     

The relationship between U.S. and eurodollar interest rates: Evidence from the futures market

The Relationship between U.S. and Eurodollar Interest Rates: Evidence from the Futures Market. — This paper analyzes the lead/lag relationship in the Granger-cause sense between U.S. and Eurodollar interest rates in futures contracts. It shows that yields on U.S. Treasury bill and Eurodollar futures are cointegrated with the TED spread as the cointegrating vector for the period January 1987–July 1993. The error correction model indicates that the U.S. market leads the Eurodollar market. However, the presence of this unidirectional causality does not improve the forecasting of Eurodollar yields. Other evidence given in the paper suggests that the hypothesis of contemporaneous relationships, at least on daily base, is not rejected.     

高现金持有与股权收购动因研究

本文采用logistic回归分析的方法,对高现金持有与股权收购动因之间的关系进行了研究,研究表明：上市公司的确存在着滥用自由现金流的现象,也就是现金持有量高的公司,会由于存在＂自由现金流＂而增加股权收购次数,以消化掉本应返还给投资者的资金;代理成本越高的公司,管理层与股东之间的利益冲突越严重,这会进一步加剧管理层滥用自由现金流的行为;大规模公司由于自身的某些优势,比小规模公司更有可能进行股权收购活动。     

有效实现地方国库现金管理的建议

国库现金管理有利于提高财政资金的使用效益,是财政国库管理体系的重要组成部分。地方国库现金管理是指在确保地方国库现金支出需要的前提下,实现地方国库闲置现金余额最小化,投资收益最大化的一系列财政资金管理活动。作为地方国库现金管理工作,应从健全相关法律法规、丰富运作模式、建立现金流量预测机制、调节各部门关系、协调货币政策等多个方面,完善我国地方国库现金管理制度,推进地方国库现金管理改革。     

对外直接投资对母国出口贸易的影响——基于日本、美国对华投资的实证分析

投资与贸易的关系是众多国内外学者所关注与研究的问题。本文利用贸易引力模型对日本、美国在中国投资对其本国贸易的影响进行了实证研究,研究结果表明,各自的影响不同。日本对华投资,出口贸易增加,投资与贸易是一种互补关系;美国对华投资,出口贸易下降,投资与贸易是一种替代关系。     

Liquidity Crises and Corporate Cash Holdings in Chile

This paper addresses the heterogonous effects of adverse liquidity shocks on corporate cash holdings in an emerging market. We use a large panel dataset with quarterly financial information for Chilean firms during the period 1996–2009. We find three main results. First, liquidity crises have had a negative and economically significant effect on cash holdings, but mainly for small firms; medium‐sized and large firms have not been affected by liquidity crises. Second, liquidity crises reduce the ability of firms to adjust to optimal cash holdings. Finally, medium‐sized firms are less able to adjust cash holdings compared to small and large firms.     

Marginal q,Tobin's q,Cash Flow,and Investment

Many studies of the determinants of investment use Tobin's q to control for the investment opportunities of a firm. Tobin's q roughly measures the average return on a firm's capital anticipated by the market. More relevant for investment decisions, however, is the marginal return on capital. In this paper we estimate investment and research and development (R&D) equations using a measure of marginal q. We use marginal q to identify the existence of cash constraints and managerial discretion and as a separate explanatory variable. For a sample of 560 U.S. firms observed over the 1977-1996 period we present evidence confirming the existence of both cash constraints in some companies and managerial discretion in others.     

日美贸易摩擦中的美国“对日修正主义”研究

20世纪80年代中后期产生的日本异质论及美国"对日修正主义"是日美经贸摩擦延伸至体制领域的重要表现。它既是冷战结束前后国际政治格局变化和美国国内政治气候变迁的产物,又具有深刻的学术和舆论背景。美国"对日修正主义"者从资本主义发展模式的差异、日本政治经济体制及其相应政策手段的特殊性、美国对日贸易策略等三个方面阐述了其理论观点,在美国舆论界、学术界和决策层中产生了巨大的影响。     

Trapped Cash and the Profitability of Foreign Acquisitions

Current U.S. reporting and tax laws create an incentive for some U.S. firms to avoid the repatriation of foreign earnings, as the U.S. government charges additional corporate taxes on these transfers. Prior research suggests that the combined effect of these incentives leads some U.S. multinational corporations to hold a significant amount of cash overseas. In this study, we investigate the effect of cash trapped overseas on U.S. multinational corporations' foreign acquisitions. Consistent with expectations, we observe firms with high levels of trapped cash make less profitable acquisitions of foreign target firms using cash consideration (lower announcement window returns, lower buy and hold returns, decreased ROA). The American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 (AJCA) reduced this effect by allowing firms to repatriate foreign earnings held as cash abroad at a much lower tax cost. Our study has implications for current proposals to change the tax laws related to foreign earnings.