南亚自由贸易区:发展中国家区域经济合作的新亮点

<正> 为期3天的南亚区域合作联盟(南盟)首脑会议在巴基斯坦首都伊斯兰堡召开,会议上南盟七国领导人签署了《南亚自由贸易协定框架条约》,南亚自由贸易区协定将于2006年1月1日生效,此次会议对于南亚区域经贸合作具有划时代意义。南亚自由贸易区协定构想在孟加拉国、不丹、印度、马尔代夫、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦以及斯里兰卡七国建立自由贸易区。这七国拥有世界1/5的人口,市场潜力很大。但由于历史原因和各国重视不够,南盟七国的经贸合作发展缓慢,甚至有时处于停顿状态。世界银行2003年8     

促贸援助:让发展中国家融入价值链

7月8日至10日,拉巴德中心外面挂着巨大的绿色横幅,横幅上用英法西三种文字写着促贸援助(Aid for Trade),世贸组织迎来了2013年下半年的第一件大事——促贸援助第四次全球审议会议。虽     

Trade Liberalisation and Economic Performance: Theory and Evidence for Developing Countries

The last five decades have witnessed a profound evolution of economic policy in developing countries, particularly in the case of trade strategies. Both internal, as well as external, factors have prompted the need for more outward‐oriented (or liberalised) trade policy regimes. The creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 and the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 1995 have been important driving forces for free trade. Since then, the major quantitative barriers to trade, i.e. tariffs and non‐tariff barriers (quotas, licences and technical specifications, among other restrictions), have substantially been reduced or dismantled. Also, the progress towards more liberalised trade regimes, mainly in developing countries, has been manifested in the trade and development literature. Major studies suggest that the performance of more outward‐oriented economies is superior to that of those countries pursuing more inward‐looking trade practices (Greenaway and Nam, 1988; Dollar, 1992; Sachs and Warner, 1995; and Rodríguez and Rodrik, 2000). Recent developments in the international trade literature focus on the potential dynamic effects of trade liberalisation, i.e. simplification of tariff structures and elimination of non‐tariff barriers, in reducing the incentives to rent seeking and in accelerating the flow of technical knowledge from the world market. Moreover, there have been important advances regarding the study of trade liberalisation and its impact on exports, imports and the balance of payments, largely neglected in the literature, often driven by supply‐side considerations.     

The Trade Policy Jungle: A Survival Guide for Academic Economists

The rules of the trade policy arena differ from those in academia. How can an economic researcher survive, let alone thrive, in what may appear to be a trade policy jungle? The purpose of this paper is not just to offer guidance in this respect but also to think through the factors that determine the supply and demand for timely, relevant, policy‐relevant insights into commercial policy matters. Understanding the latter provides much of the rationale for the former. Advice follows analysis, as it should do. Economic researchers have certain advantages that they can make immediate use of in the jungle and some baggage that they would do well to shed.     

战略性贸易政策:发达国家与发展中国家的博弈

作为新贸易理论的主要内容之一,战略性贸易政策实质上是发达国家为自己的保护主义所寻求的借口和托词。它虽然在产业适用性和国家适用性方面设置了诸多限制,但印度软件业的发展是该政策得以在发展中国家成功实施的良好佐证。我国应该在市场培育、制度建设以及贸易政策与产业政策协调配合等方面进行强化,以利用战略性贸易政策来培育我国具有国际竞争力的产业。     

Trade Logistics in Developing Countries: The Case of the Middle East and North Africa

This paper presents an analysis of obstacles facing exporting firms in developing countries by diagnosing the efficiency of trade logistics in the Middle East and North Africa region (MNA). Using logistics chain analysis for six export commodities, it presents evidence that transport and non‐transport logistics costs for export commodities from the MNA region are quite substantial, ranging from 7–25 per cent of landed product prices. Underlying these costs are key bottlenecks identified as: inefficient trucking and transport services, low export volume leading to long shipping times and the need for costly inventory accumulation, aggressive, obstructive customs authorities and procedures, low and inconsistent product quality, an underdeveloped transport intermediary sector, inefficient cross‐border transit procedures and others. Recommended actions to address developing a national transport policy, overhauling the regulatory regime for the trucking sector, export promotion measures, increasing competition in port and air freight services, reorienting customs authorities towards trade facilitation and developing cross‐border transit procedures similar to the TIR Carnets model.     

国际贸易中劳工标准执行手段对发展中国家福利后果比较

贸易和劳工标准问题近二十年来一直是国际贸易谈判中的热点问题,其对发展中国家出口的影响日益凸显。文章在局部均衡的框架之内侧重分析了发达国家不同的劳工标准执行手段对发展中国家福利的影响,并在此基础上提出了对策建议。     

发展中国家外贸结构的非均衡机理研究

非均衡是一种经济常态,外贸结构也普遍地表现出非均衡的特征。比较优势的分工原则在促进发展中国家低级要素优势得以发挥的同时也搭建了发展中国家弱性非均衡的外贸结构,而后发优势取向为发展中国家走向强势非均衡的外贸结构提供了一条更为有效的演进路径。未来我国的外贸结构演进要超越比较优势,更加注重发挥后发优势。     

Fairness in International Trade Negotiations: Developing Countries in the GATT and WTO

Does fairness matter in the hard bargaining and horse‐trading that is associated with trade negotiations? This paper presents a positivist analysis of the particular concepts of fairness that developing countries have appealed to in their trade negotiations within the auspices of the GATT and WTO, how these notions have evolved, and the impact that they have had on negotiated outcomes. Treating the concept of fairness as my central dependent variable, I argue that the notion of fairness can only be understood in terms of the institutional context it is embedded in, which includes institutional structure as well as the participatory processes that underlie it. I advance three hypotheses on the relationship between institutional context: the fairness discourse, and the influence and manoeuvre that member countries can have in shaping that discourse. Focusing on the role of fairness in the negotiation positions of developing countries, I explain its substance and evolution through learning and adaptation by these countries within the very particular institutions of the GATT and the WTO, and the coalitions they form a part of and interact within.     

发展中国家高新技术产业贸易竞争力问题研究--兼论新世纪中国对外贸易结构转换及高技术产品贸易的发展

高新技术产业是近年来各国增长最为迅速也是支持力度最大的产业,其贸易竞争力受贸易发展战略、外资规模和结构、人力资本投入和知识积累、国内经济的增长速度和相关产业的支持等因素的影响.本文对发展中国家的高技术产业贸易的整体竞争力进行实证分析,研究在当前科技创新和知识积累迅速增长的背景下,随着发展中国家内部以及发展中国家与发达国家之间贸易规模的急剧增加,发展中国家贸易竞争力在高技术产业领域是否有所改善,随着知识要素的积累和人力资本的投入,其比较优势是否已经提高,通过对比研究以期得到一些有价值的结论.     

中国涉外经贸法律制度发展的战略新思路

入世十年,极大地推动了中国全方位地介入经济全球化,使我国外经外贸以前所未有的发展速度迈向世界前列,创造了对外贸易发展史上的奇迹;入世十年,也为中国涉外经贸法律制度的发展和创新提供了良机,使其在保持国别化的同时,逐步与国际公约和国际惯例趋同,并为其实现全国的法制建设发挥了巨大的推动作用;入世十年,WTO规则在实施过程中也暴露了其弱点,在此基础上建立更加公正合理的国际经济新秩序,是我国涉外经贸法律制度建设面临的一个长期的战略任务。     

循环经济:实现外贸增长方式转变的战略选择

文章透过循环经济的概念、特征,具体讨论了循环经济中的外贸环境变化,指出西方发达国家以循环经济为指引通过资源有效利用法规、废物资源化利用法规及生产责任延伸法规来实现对我国出口的制约.在现实的选择中,我国必须通过提高认识、更新理念、借鉴国外经验完善本国法规等对策,实现循环经济的发展模式.     

中间产品贸易、技术溢出与发展中国家的工资差距:一个理论框架

中间产品贸易的技术溢出是国际贸易影响熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力之间工资差距的一个重要机制。本文构建了一个理论框架,从中间产品贸易及其技术溢出效应的角度解释发展中国家相对工资差距不断扩大的现实。发展中国家从技术前沿的发达国家进口资本和技术密集型的中间产品,一方面可以使发展中国家间接地分享国际先进的R&D资本;另一方面给发展中国家带来了技术学习和模仿的机会。由于资本与技能的互补性和技术学习的技能偏向性,中间产品进口使发展中国家增加了对熟练劳动力的相对需求,从而扩大了熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力之间的工资差距。     

Organizational Ethics in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis

Relationships with one’s employees, co-workers, or superiors create ethical dilemmas. Employees’ judgments and ethical perceptions have been extensively studied in Western cultures, but not in developing countries. The purpose of this investigation is to examine employees’ self-reported work-related ethics and compare them to their perceptions of co-workers’ and top managements’ along various morally challenging situations in three developing countries’ organizations. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Oman, known as the Gulf countries, were selected as the research setting – and provided the sampling frame – for this study. The results suggest that respondents perceived all ethically challenging situations as unethical and had significant differences among themselves regarding the ethical perceptions of self, as compared to perceptions of peers’, and top managements’. Discussion of the results and implications are provided.     

Developing Countries at Doha: A Political Economy Analysis

This paper offers a political economy analysis of the Doha Ministerial Conference with special reference to developing countries. One of my key objectives is to understand the politics underlying the negotiations with a view to assessing the influence developing countries exerted on the outcome and the success they achieved in relation to the Uruguay Round Agreement, which is widely perceived as favouring mainly if not exclusively the developed countries. The main conclusions of the paper may be summarised as follows. First, with trade liberalisation as its central focus, the Doha negotiating agenda is to be welcomed from the viewpoint of developing countries. Second, the opposition by developing countries to the inclusion of at least some of the Singapore issues at Doha is defensible. Among other things, the countries lack the necessary negotiating and implementation capacity. Third, while the UR Agreement benefited both developing and developed countries, on balance, it benefited the latter more. The Doha outcome offers a better balance when taken by itself but does not go so far as to significantly correct the imbalance in the UR Agreement. Fourth, despite this better balance, the Doha negotiations offer little evidence of a shift in the relative bargaining powers of developing and developed countries. Nor can the superficially development friendly language of the Doha Declaration be viewed as signalling the softening of the tough negotiating stance developed countries took during the UR Round. Fifth, much of the negotiating power continues to reside with developed countries. Relatively equal levels of incomes gives greater coherence to interests of developed countries on issues that divide along North–South lines. Moreover, the presence of three large players – the USA, EU and Japan – allows them to exploit their bargaining power more effectively. Finally, to negotiate more effectively in the future, developing countries must improve their research capacity, think strategically and forge coalitions with other influential WTO members – whether developed or developing.     

对发展中国家的特殊和差别待遇——以WTO有关区域贸易安排的规定为视角

特殊与差别待遇,是世贸组织处理发展中成员方经济发展问题时必须遵循的一项基本原则。但是,世贸组织有关区域贸易协定的现有规范却缺乏对发展中国家的特殊考虑,这不利于发展中国家参与区域经济合作,促进其经济发展。多哈部长宣言授权成员方在区域贸易协定的谈判中考虑发展问题,但是发达成员和发展中成员在此问题上存在争议,尚未达成共识。发展中国家应当积极参与谈判,争取保留授权条款,同时在24条中引入特殊和差别待遇。作为交换条件,发展中国家可以接受就南南型区域贸易协定向世贸组织进行通知并由其进行审查。     

中朝韩经贸关系纵深发展的战略进路

随着东北亚地区经济联系的日益紧密,域内国家间的相互依存度明显提高.东北亚经济合作划时代的契机是域内国家签订自由贸易协定,从而平行地促进产业分工.中朝韩三国经贸合作规模的提升和发展速度的提高,可以推动一度因日本态度消极而搁浅的中日韩自由贸易区建设,并将成为东北亚经济合作发展的催化剂.中朝经贸发展的能动力在于中国建设性的参与朝鲜的经济革新发展,而中韩经贸发展的增长点则在于加速建立自由贸易区.     

发展中国家实施战略性贸易政策的可行性探讨

战略性贸易政策为西方发达国家政府在不完全竞争和规模经济条件下进行贸易干预提供了新的依据,要在发展中国家实施这一政策必须满足市场结构、规模经济和市场经济体制三方面的条件。从这三个条件出发,对战略性贸易政策在发展中国家的可行性问题进行探讨。可以得出,发展中国家目前还不具备实施战略性贸易政策的基础。     

The Gravity Model and Trade Efficiency: A Stochastic Frontier Analysis of Eastern European Countries' Potential Trade

The opening up process of the eastern European countries is characterised by an increasing degree of trade integration with their Western neighbouring countries. Typically, the degree of East–West trade integration is assessed by comparing actual trade volumes with potential trade volumes projected from the gravity model parameters estimated for a group of countries that best represent normal trade relations. This approach, however, does not compare trade levels against a maximum level of trade feasible for the group of eastern European countries. This paper using a stochastic frontier specification of the gravity model is able to identify the efficiency of trade integration relative to maximum potential levels. The findings, based on a panel data set of bilateral exports from 17 Western European countries to the 10 new member states over the 1994–2007 period, indicate a high degree of East–West trade integration close to two‐thirds of frontier estimates, suggesting a low degree of trade resistances.