Separation of ownership and control for Chinese listed firms: Effect on the cost of debt and the moderating role of bank competition

This research investigates the effect of the separation between firm ownership and control on the cost of debt, with attention to the moderating role of state ownership and bank competition. We make use of a sample of 1744 Chinese A-share firms for the years 2011–2017. We find that separation between ownership and control is positively associated with the cost of debt. This is consistent with the view that separation of control from ownership allows controlling shareholders to engage in tunneling and other behaviors that increase the risk of default. State ownership weakens this positive link because government debt guarantees mitigate the risk of default. Greater competition in the banking industry generally reduces the cost of debt for non-state enterprises while having no effect for state enterprises. At the same time, greater bank competition amplifies the positive effect of ownership and control separation on debt cost for non-state enterprises as banks must still cover the higher default risk. Finally, the global financial crisis raised the cost of debt for non-state enterprises but had no effect for state enterprises.     

J-liquidity measure: The term structure of the liquidity premium in Japan

We interpret the yield spread between Japanese government-guaranteed bonds and government bonds as market liquidity, which we refer to as the J-liquidity measure. Our model-free approach not only provides the term structure of the liquidity premium, but also captures the impact of illiquidity events and the illiquidity condition of the Japanese fixed-income market. We empirically show that the long-term factor of the liquidity premium curve is driven by the volatility of the short-term rate. The liquidity measure is provided publicly for future applications.     

Voluntary Disclosure and Equity Offerings: Reducing Information Asymmetry or Hyping the Stock?*

We examine corporate disclosure activity around seasoned equity offerings and its relationship to stock prices. Beginning six months before the offering, our sample issuing firms dramatically increase their disclosure activity, particularly for the categories of disclosure over which firms have the most discretion. The increase is significant after controlling for the firm's current and future earnings performance and tends to be largest for firms with selling shareholders participating in the offering. However, there is no change in the frequency of forward‐looking statements prior to the equity offering, something that is expressly discouraged by the securities law. Firms that maintain a consistent level of disclosure experience price increases prior to the offering, and only minor price declines at the offering announcement relative to the control firms, suggesting that disclosure may have reduced the information asymmetry inherent in the offering. Firms that substantially increase their disclosure activity in the six months before the offering also experience price increases prior to the offering relative to the control firms, but suffer much larger price declines at the announcement of their intent to issue equity, suggesting that the disclosure increase may have been used to “hype the stock” and the market may have partially corrected for the earlier price increase. Firms that maintain a consistent disclosure level have no unusual return behavior relative to the control firms subsequent to the announcement, while the firms that “hyped” their stock continue to suffer negative returns, providing further evidence that the increased disclosure activity may have been hype, and suggesting that the hype may have been successful in lowering the firms' cost of equity capital.     

论资本成本的不同约束性对中外公司融资偏好的影响

鉴于我国公司的融资偏好与西方国家完全相反,黄少安、张岗在《中国上市公司股权融资偏好分析》一文中认为其直接动因在于股权融资的成本大大低于债务融资的成本,但同时在文中对资本成本与融资成本这两个不同的概念进行了混用,进而甚至可以推论出公司股权融资的资本成本小于债     

重污染企业ESG 表现、媒体监督与融资成本关系研究

加强自律、提高ESG 信息披露是重污染行业在绿色发展背景下积极转型的新途径。以中国开始实施绿色发展指标（2011年）为起点，选择沪深A 股上市的重污染企业作为样本，以声誉理论、投资者关系理论、外部压力理论和信息不对称理论为依据，构建平衡面板数据模型，通过回归分析、地区和所有权异质性分析等研究重污染企业的ESG 表现对融资成本的影响。选择媒体监督作为调节变量分析其效应为自律和监管提供了新工具。研究发现中国重污染企业ESG 表现与融资成本之间呈现负相关关系；ESG 分维度对融资成本的影响存在地区和所有权的差异；媒体监督存在负向调节作用。这些结论为企业、投资者和监管者带来了不同的启示，有利于多方合力共同提升企业ESG 水平。     

“中小板”市场“牛市”和“熊市”的波动非对称性研究

运用广义误差分布的EGARCH（1,1）模型,分析中小板市场＂牛市＂和＂熊市＂行情（即样本）的波动非对称性。主要结论有：在牛市、熊市中等量＂利好＂消息与＂利空＂消息对股市产生的冲击是不对称的：在牛市中,＂利好＂消息对股市的影响要比相同力度的＂利空＂消息影响大;在熊市中,＂利空＂消息对股市的影响要比相同力度的＂利好＂消息影响大;中小板市场的波动性较大。     

管理人员的综合测评方法研究

随着国债规模的扩大和国债政策市场化、长期化趋势的确立 ,优化国债融资成本的迫切性日益突出。针对我国国债市场的非市场化结构特征 ,我们提出以市场化为核心的优化国债市场结构和筹资成本的思路 ,并通过理论与实证分析相结合的方法探讨优化国债融资成本的较佳途径     

The determinants of capital intensity in Japan and the US

We estimate the determinants of capital intensity in Japan and the US, characterized by striking different paths. We augment an otherwise standard Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) model with demand-side considerations, which we find especially relevant in the US. In this augmented setting, the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor is placed between 0.74 and 0.90 in Japan, and around 0.30 in the US. We also find evidence of biased technical change, which is capital-saving in Japan but labor-saving in the US. These differences help us explain the diverse experience in the capital deepening process of these economies, and lead us to conclude that demand-side drivers, quite relevant in the US, may also be relevant to account for different growth experiences. A close look at the nature of technological change is also needed before designing one-size-fits-all industrial, economic growth, and/or labor market policies.     

The impact of family ownership and capital structures on productivity performance of Korean manufacturing firms: Corporate governance and the “chaebol problem”

This paper examines the relationship between corporate governance and productivity performance, focusing on family ownership and capital structure. Paying particular attention to chaebols, or large business groups with entrenched family control, diversified business structure, and heavy debt-dependence, we find the positive relationship between family ownership concentration and productivity performance to be much stronger in chaebol firms than in non-chaebol firms. Moreover, high debt reliance (or low equity–asset ratio) is shown to be negatively related to productivity performance in non-chaebol firms but positively in chaebol firms. J. Japanese Int. Economies 20 (2) (2006) 209–233.     

投资者关系管理与权益资本成本的相关性分析——基于证券市场的数据

选取上海证券交易所与深圳证券交易所A股市场共903家上市公司作为研究样本,对投资者关系管理的四个构成要素与权益资本成本之间的相关关系进行了实证检验。回归结果表明:投资者关系管理的四个构成要素对权益资本成本作用的效果有大有小,自愿性信息披露和减少信息不对称的作用较大,提高公司可见度和吸引分析师跟随的作用较小,因此并不是所有的投资者关系管理活动都可以显著影响权益资本成本,但从总体上看,投资者关系管理是可以降低权益资本成本的。最后,提出了改善我国投资者关系管理现状的几点建议。     

Oil price uncertainty and the cost of debt: Evidence from the Chinese bond market

This paper explores the impact of oil price uncertainty affects the cost of debt in China. By analyzing the bond data from 2008 to 2019 in China, we find that oil price fluctuation boost bond offering spread, denoting that oil price uncertainty may increase the cost of debt. This increase is likely due to higher default risks resulting from the heightened oil price uncertainty. Moreover, non-state-owned firms and those in the energy industry are more susceptible to the effects of oil price volatility. Our findings also reveal an asymmetric effect of oil price uncertainty on the cost of debt, with a stronger impact observed from positive uncertainty compared to negative uncertainty. This study contributes to the current understanding of the ways in which oil price uncertainty impacts the cost of debt in an emerging country.     

Debt Financing and the Failure of Innovation Companies: The Application of the CHS Model in U.S. Stock Markets

This study aims to determine whether increasing a firm’s leverage significantly changes its level of bankruptcy risk in the innovative industry by using the CHS model [Campbell, J. Y., J. Hilscher, and J. Szilagyi. 2008. “In Search of Distress Risk.” The Journal of Finance 63 (6): 2899–2939] to test 395 American innovation companies. These companies are categorised into four groups based on their debt ratios and their performance on the NYSE and NASDAQ stock exchanges is analysed in three separate periods. The findings reveal that innovation companies with a higher debt level are no riskier than those with a lower debt level.     

我国证券市场信息不对称的博弈分析及政策建议

证券市场的公平与效率是建立在市场有效性基础上的,信息不对称严重影响市场的有效性。本文借用信息经济学和博弈论的分析方法,指出我国证券市场存在严重的信息不对称,进而提出相应的政策建议。     

Quantitative history studies on China: State capacity,institutions, culture and human capital from prehistoric times to the present

Volumes of historical archives in China have been digitised, from which various datasets have been constructed for scholarly inquiry. Furthermore, the excavation of thousands of archaeological sites provided detailed data about prehistoric development across China's landmass. As a result, there has been remarkable progress in quantitative studies on China's past. This article reviews recent work in five theme areas to provide a background for the papers included in this special issue. These themes include state formation, Confucianism, human capital, Christian missionaries, and long-term persistence studies. The five papers in this issue fall into these themes and are introduced where appropriate.     

产品市场势力、公司治理与股票价格信息含量

本文采用事件研究方法,根据2001至2009年A股市场上市公司的数据计算了产品市场势力与股票价格信息含量。在此基础上,研究了产品市场势力、公司治理与股票价格信息含量之间的关系。本文的研究表明,产品市场势力与合理的公司治理安排能够提高股票价格信息含量。但是在提高股票价格信息含量方面,产品市场势力与不同的公司治理机制表现出了一定的替代或互补关系。另外,产品市场的改革应当顾及资本市场的发展。     

中国与日韩制造业贸易调整成本的经验研究——基于边际产业内贸易分析

本文基于边际产业内贸易分析，分别运用A、B和S指数测度法对1992-2003年间中国与日韩制造业贸易的调整成本进行了经验研究。研究结果表明，中国电气机械及器材制造、普通机械等以资本技术密集型产品为主的行业调整成本较大，而服装及纤维品制造、木材加工等以劳动密集型产品为主的行业调整成本较小。总体而言，这一时期中国与日本制造业贸易调整成本低于中国与韩国制造业贸易调整成本，但是中国与韩国制造业贸易调整成太在1998年詹旱掐千下隆曲而日太惜况却一与此相反．     

Inheritance taxation in Sweden, 1885–2004: the role of ideology,family firms,and tax avoidance

This article studies the evolution of Swedish inheritance taxation since the late nineteenth century to its abolition in 2004. The contribution of this article is twofold. First, the annual effective inheritance tax rates are computed for different sizes of bequests and asset types, accounting for all relevant exemptions, deductions, and valuation discounts. Second, an attempt is made to explain changes in inheritance taxation over time. Ideology appears to be the main driver of the sharp tax increases of the 1930s to the 1960s. Wartime economies with higher pressures on the people induced politicians to raise inheritance taxes on the wealthy, primarily during the First World War. Increased opportunities for tax planning for the wealthy are also documented, most notably a series of tax cuts on inherited family firms in the 1970s. This rise in avoidance opportunities for the rich, while middle‐class heirs faced growing inheritance tax rates, undermined the legitimacy of the tax and led to its repeal.     

Foreign direct investment by Japanese firms and corporate governance: in relation to the monetary policies of China, Korea and Japan

Reflecting upon the lessons from the Asian currency crises, more attention is being paid to the importance of consolidation for the domestic financial and capital markets, as well as international cooperation to avoid disturbing factors from abroad, such as massive inflows of speculative capital. The aim of financial reforms being executed in the East Asian countries, such as Japan, Korea, and China, is to improve the managerial efficiency of the business corporations and financial institutions.Recently, foreign direct investment by Japanese firms in the rest of the East Asia has been recovering. However, the existence of a financial system to realize optimal corporate governance is indispensable for the enhancement of direct investment. Namely, it is necessary to improve corporate profitability, and to distribute the increment of such profits between the host and the investor countries, in order to boost the welfare of the respective citizens, notwithstanding the type of foreign direct investment.     

中国股票市场的信息测量与分析——基于771只上证A股的市场微观结构研究

依托上交所启动市价委托机制以及股票被ST的"自然实验",本文分析了成交(未成交)委托的价格发现作用,测量了成交(未成交)委托不平衡中的私有信息含量和信息不对称程度。研究发现:其一,启动市价委托机制前,成交委托中的信息含量居多,约40.75%,未成交委托中的信息含量只有0.46%。其二,启动市价委托机制后,成交委托和未成交委托中的私有信息含量均显著上升,分别净增加约11.5%和5.0%;而信息不对称程度均显著下降,分别净下降约14.8%和3.5%。其三,ST股票的成交委托和未成交委托中的私有信息含量比正常股票分别净增加2.6%和54.2%;信息不对称程度因ST效应净增加约35.0%,但未成交委托的信息不对称程度下降并不显著。这为我国证券市场透明化建设提供了定量依据。     

Private Information Production,Public Disclosure,and the Cost of Capital: Theory and Implications*

Both private information production by market traders and public disclosure by firms contribute to dissemination of financial information in the capital market. However, the motives and economic consequences of the two are quite different. In general, private information production is intended by investors to increase their trading profit, which has the effect of widening the information gap between informed and uninformed investors and increasing the firm's cost of capital. On the other hand, public disclosure can be used to narrow this information gap and to lower the cost of capital. This paper provides a theoretical model to examine the economic incentives behind these two forms of information dissemination and their consequences on the cost of capital. By simultaneously considering the firm's and the information traders' decisions, the paper derives an equilibrium in which the amount of private information production, the level of public disclosure, and the cost of capital are all linked to specific characteristics of the firm, of information traders, and of the market. In contrast to conventional beliefs, the paper predicts that, across firms, the cost of capital can be either positively or negatively related to the firm's disclosure level, depending on the specific factors that cause the variation within a particular sample. Similarly, the extent to which investors follow a firm and the firm's disclosure level can be either positively or negatively related to each other. Implications for empirical research are discussed.