Migrant information and the remigration decision: further evidence

This study concerns the relationship between the decision to migrate again and the success or failure of a previous move. The data concern approximately 5,000 individuals who made their initial move in 1968-1969 from one of the 44 regions of Canada to another. Consideration is also given to the role that distance of the prior move plays in influencing the remigration decision. The authors conclude that "a disappointing income experience during a previous move can be an important determinant in causing individuals to move again immediately after an initial move."     

双系统决策的实验证明与决策优化

双系统决策是建立在人们的情感、理念和经验基础上的思维活动,即系统1和系统2两个子系统代表了直觉和理性两种具有不同认知功能的思维模式.本文利用实验经济学的方法分别探究了系统1和系统2判断决策时的不同特点,以及在两个系统的相互影响下对人们决策的影响.针对双系统决策的特点,围绕公共物品实验对双系统如何优化决策提出了建议.最后针对系统1和系统2可以相互影响决策行为的猜想,介绍了山东大学经济研究院所做的一个实验研究.     

Migrant information,job search and the remigration decision

"Labor force migration poses two important questions for the economist. The first concerns the nature, magnitude and direction of labor force response to perceived earnings differentials over space. The latter and more complex question concerns the effectiveness, or efficiency, of this response--namely migration--and other market mechanisms in reducing these earnings differentials over time." Both questions are addressed in this paper "by examining relationships among: (1) quality of information obtained prior to a move, (2) search duration at the migration destination, and (3) the likelihood of subsequent (perhaps corrective) remigration." These relationships are analyzed using the human capital model of migration-remigration and data from the 1970 U.S. census.     

浅谈粗糙集理论与知识管理决策

自20世纪70年代Z.Pawlak提出粗糙集理论以来,粗糙集理论已在机器学习、知识获取、决策分析(决策表属性约简)、过程控制等许多领域得到了广泛的应用。本文从探讨如何提高知识管理决策水平的角度,对粗糙集理论应用于知识管理决策的可行性进行了分析。     

Sequential maize planting: A cropping strategy for the small farmer*

The influence of planting date and temperatures during growth on the yield and rate of phenologlcal development of maize was investigated. Maize (hybrid Pnr 6428) was planted at 14‐day intervals from mid‐August to early February with the object of developing a cropping strategy which could result in a sustained supply of table maize for the small farmer in central Ciskei. Sequential plantings provided a sustained supply of table maize for 171 days. One hectare of maize, yielding 1,5 tons in central Clskel, used for home consumption, has a current monetary value of R855,36 when costed in terms of saving on purchased maize products, as opposed to R62,02 when sold as grain.

The results indicated that the Ontario system and a modification of the heat stress system of temperature summation predicted time to silking more accurately than the calendar day and standard methods.

The composition of kernels with regard to protein, fat and total digestible nutrients on a dry mass basts was not materially affected by stage of development after the milk stage. A schedule is presented for central Ciskei which proposes a planting time pattern intended to provide weekly harvests of table maize for a period of approximately six months. The increase in acreage required to compensate for premature harvesting and. yield decline due to late planting is also shown.     

Current cost disclosers and nondisclosers: Theory and Canadian evidence*

Abstract. According to section 4510 of the CICA Handbook “supplementary information about the effects of changing prices should be disclosed …” by certain corporations. Three hundred and eighty firms met the Handbook criteria in 1983, but only 73 complied, even partially. This study describes the disclosers and nondisclosers, with the objective of understanding why the CICA recommendation received such a cool reception. The findings support the hypothesis that Canadian firms disclosed nonhistone cost accounting data on the basis of cost/benefit considerations, and that auditors played a role in influencing the disclosures. There was virtually no disclosure of current cost information by clients of other than the Big Eight auditing firms. Utilities, subject to different political pressures than other firms, were apparently relatively more strongly influenced by the materiality of the disclosures. Among the nondisclosers, firms that were a little larger than average, were SEC registrants, and apparently would have shown the most material current cost adjustments if they had disclosed, tended to give reasons for not disclosing. Their publicly stated reasons implied that the costs of disclosing exceeded the benefits to them, or that they believed that the information was not useful to financial statement readers. In contrast to the United States, where compliance with similar disclosures described in FASB 33 is legally enforced by the SEC, Canada provides a laboratory for examining the relatively free choice of whether to disclose or not. Whether revamping section 4510 would increase its acceptability is left as an issue for further research to resolve. Résumé. Selon le chapitre 4510 du Manuel de l'I.C.C.A., certaines sociétés “doivent présenter un supplément d'informations sur les effets des variations de prix”. Alors que trois cent quatre-vingts firmes satisfaisaient aux exigences du Manuel en 1983, seulement soixante treize d'entre elles se sontpliées aux exigences de divulgation, et ce partiellement. Cette étude décrit les sociétés “divulgatrices” et “non-divulgatrices”, et vise à comprendre le faible enthousiasme pour les recommandations de l'I.C.C.A. Les résultats appuient l'hypothèse que les sociétés canadiennes ayant présenté des informations sur la base de la comptabilité aux coûts actuels l'ont fait par suite d'analyses coûts/avantages, de même que l'influence des vérificateurs sur ce type de divulgation. Il n'y a presque pas eu de présentation d'informations aux coûts actuels de la part des sociétés vérifiées par des cabinets autres que les constituantes des “Big Eight”. Les entreprises de services publics, sur lesquelles s'exercent des pressions politiques d'une nature différente de celles des autres sociétés, ont été relativement plus influencées par l'importance relative de cette divulgation. Parmi les sociétés “non-divulgatrices”, celles de taille quelque peu supérieure à la moyenne, inscrites à la SEC, et qui apparemment auraient montré les ajustements de coûts actuels les plus importants en vertu du mode de présentation suggéré, avaient tendance à justifier la non-divulgation de tels renseignements. L'analyse avantages/coûts défavorable, ou l'utilité discutable de telles informations pour les lecteurs d‘états financiers, constituaient les raisons invoquées par ces sociétés à l'appui de la non-divulgation. Contrairement aux Etats-Unis, où l'adhésion aux recommandations du FASB 33 portant sur une information de nature similaire est exigée par la SEC, le Canada fournit un laboratoire où il est possible d'examiner un libre-choix relatif de divulgation ou de non-divulgation. En vertu des résultats de cette étude, l'utilité des informations présentées selon le chapitre 4510 peut être mise en doute. La modification en profondeur du chapitre 4510 comme élément de solution à la non-adhésion s'avère une question sur laquelle les recherches ultérieures devront se pencher.     

Bond covenants and changes in accounting policy: Canadian evidence*

Abstract. This paper examines accounting change decisions in Canada. Evidence gathered from financial statements suggests that there is a relation between bond covenants and the decision to make an accounting policy change. Except for the effect of regulation, the political visibility hypothesis did not hold.     

Auditor independence judgments: A cognitive-developmental model and experimental evidence*

Abstract. This paper describes a psychological framework that examines auditors' conceptions of independence in the context of ethical cognition. An experimental study of independence judgments of 119 partners and managers in two national public accounting firms is reported. Using a well-known measure of ethical cognition, this study examines auditors' implicit reasoning in the resolution of an independence paradigm. The most significant are that (1) a systematic relationship between auditors' measured ethical cognition and their resolution of an independence conflict exists, (2) the penalty attribute is a much stronger influence than the affiliation attribute on the auditors' ethical resolve, and (3) the cognitive measure used in this study can be used efficiently to explain priority rankings of a majority of independence attributes developed in earlier research. Résumé. Les auteurs décrivent ici une grille psychologique permettant d'analyser la façon dont les vérificateurs conçoivent l'impartialité dans le contexte de la conscience éthique. Ils font état des résultats d'une étude expérimentale des jugements d'impartialité de 119 associés et chefs de groupe attachés à deux cabinets d'experts-comptables nationaux. Utilisant une mesure bien connue de la conscience éthique, les auteurs ana-lysent le raisonnement implicite des vérificateurs dans la résolution d'un paradigme d'impartialité. Les principaux résultats de l'étude sont les suivants: 1) il existe une relation systématique entre la conscience éthique mesurée chez les vérificateurs et la façon dont ils résolvent un problème d'impartialité, 2) l'attribut « sanction » a sur la décision éthique des vérificateurs une influence beaucoup plus grande que l'attribut « affiliation » et 3) la mesure cognitive utilisée dans cette étude est efficace dans l'explication des classements de la plupart des attributs d'impartialité définis dans le travaux de recherche antérieurs.     

Familiarity and decision making: The unclear role of noise in accept/reject decisions

A decision maker (DM) observes a noisy signal of the quality of a project before deciding to accept or reject the project. We show (i) as the amount of noise increases, the minimum signal required for acceptance may either increase or decrease, and may be nonmonotonic. (ii) Consequently, the average quality of accepted projects may either increase or decrease in the amount of noise. (iii) The effect of increased noise on decisions depends in a straightforward way on which kind of mistake leaves the DM worse off, a rejection of a good project or an acceptance of a bad project.     

Sequential Solutions to Capacity‐Planning and Pricing Decisions*

Ideally, firms should jointly solve capacity‐planning and product‐pricing problems. In practice, informational limitations and cognitive bounds may force firms to sequentially solve the two problems. For example, a firm may plan capacity using limited demand information, and update prices subsequently once additional demand information becomes available. In a simple setting, we characterize the economic loss due to such sequential planning. We use simulation experiments to assess the extent of this loss in more complex settings. We find a relatively low loss if the firm plans for capacity using limited demand information and subsequently adjusts product prices to reflect realized market conditions. However, even “reasonable” restrictions on the subsequent price adjustment (e.g., constraining adjusted prices to always exceed full cost) lead to significant economic loss.     

Interdependence between the information evaluator and the decision maker*

Abstract. A game theoretic model of the relationship between an information evaluator and a decision maker is formulated, and interdependence analysis is employed to decompose the game into several components. Each of these components represents one aspect of the interdependence relationship experienced by the information evaluator and decision maker. The analysis is then employed to distinguish among game forms. Résumé. Un modèle de la théorie des jeux établissant une relation entre un évaluateur d'informations et un décideur est proposé, et l'analyse d'interdépendance est utilisée afin de décomposer le jeu en plusieurs parties. Chacune de ces composantes représente une facette de la relation d'interdépendance vécue par l‘évaluateur d'informations et le décideur. Par la suite, l'analyse sert à établir une distinction parmi les “formes de jeu”.     

Pension disclosures under SFAS No. 87: Theory and evidence*

Abstract. This study analyzes the choices made by 279 firms in response to the opportunity to adopt the new pension accounting standard. Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 87, in 1986 rather than 1987. It tests the influence of political and agency variables and three income-related variables on this accounting choice. The political variables, management compensation contracts, the magnitude of the income effect of adoption, whether the firm was a “bath” firm, and the earnings position of the firm relative to the prior year are all associated with the adoption choice. These results are analyzed further by considering specific debt covenants and by exploring alternate interpretations of the meaning of the change in earnings variable by assessing interactions between it and the political and agency variables. Résumé. L'auteur analyse les choix faits par 279 entreprises par suite de l'option qui leur était offerte d'adopter la nouvelle norme de comptabilisation des régimes de retraite. Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 87, en 1986 plutôt qu'en 1987. Il vérifie l'influence des variables politiques et des variables mandant-mandataire, ainsi que de trois variables se rattachant aux bénéfices, sur ce choix comptable. Chacun des facteurs suivants est associé à l'option d'adoption: variables politiques, contrats de rénumération des cadres, ampleur des conséquences de l'adoption sur les bénéfices, occasion de flambée des bénéfices et bénéfices de l'entreprise par rapport aux bénéfices de l'exercice précédent. Ces résultats font l'objet d'une analyse plus poussée dans laquelle l'auteur tient compte de clauses restrictives particulières et explore d'autres interprétations de la signification de la fluctuation de la variable des bénéfices en évaluant les interactions entre cette fluctuation et les variables politiques ainsi que les variables mandant-mandataire.     

Corporate Disclosure of Environmental Liability Information: Theory and Evidence*

Abstract. The decision to disclose information concerning a firm's environmental liabilities is modeled as a sequential game involving the firm, a capital market, and outside stakeholders who can impose proprietary (political) costs on the firm. A partial disclosure equilibrium is derived in which firms reveal information strategically, maximizing the share-value net of expected political costs. Inherent uncertainty regarding the existence and size of the liabilities creates a setting where outsiders are uncertain if management is informed about these liabilities, so firms can plausibly withhold “bad news”, that is, they do not disclose liabilities that exceed a threshold level. Three novel hypotheses are that a firm is more likely to disclose as (1) its pollution propensity increases, (2) outsiders' knowledge of its environmental liabilities increases, and (3) the risk of incurring proprietary costs decreases. Empirical support is found for the hypotheses, based on the accounting disclosures made by sample firms selected from the records of the Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Energy. Improved accounting and auditing standards for environmental disclosure would build on at least three implications of the study:

• 1 To the extent that inherent uncertainty leaves managers with discretion as to what to disclose, the partial disclosure equilibrium result suggests that not all firms will comply with disclosure standards.
• 2 Publishing broad environmental performance indicators for companies in nonaccounting outlets would increase public awareness of a manager's private information endowment, making voluntary accounting disclosures of the liabilities more likely.
• 3 If a significant decline in stakeholder tolerance of pollution occurs, the expected proprietary costs of disclosing increase, and companies become less likely to disclose.

     

The effects of the planning memorandum,time pressure and individual auditor characteristics on audit managers' review time judgments*

Abstract. This study examines audit managers' review time effort (as reflected in their time estimates for working paper review) and the extent to which this effort is directed by another important audit manager activity: initial audit planning. Initial audit planning is manipulated by identifying certain audit areas as critical in the planning memo. Time pressure and individual auditor characteristics also are examined because auditing literature suggests that they may affect managers' review. The analysis is based on the responses, to an audit case, of 73 audit managers from ten large accounting firms. The results indicate that: 1) the managers exhibit reasonable agreement in budgeting over half of audit management time to review, 2) the initial audit plan directs their subsequent review, 3) time pressure does not significantly affect their estimated review times, and 4) firm affiliation, auditor experience level, and initial planning effort are associated with differences in managers' review practices and perceptions. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these results for practice and further research.