EXPORT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NAMIBIA: A GRANGER CAUSALITY ANALYSIS

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the causality between exports and GDP of Namibia and to evaluate the relationship of these variables for the period 1970 to 2005. Time‐series econometric techniques (Granger causality and cointegration) are applied to test the hypothesis of a growth strategy led by exports. It tests whether export Granger causes GDP, or whether the causality runs from GDP to exports, or if there is bi‐directional causality between exports and GDP. The results revealed that exports Granger cause GDP and GDP per capita. This suggests that the export‐led growth strategy through various incentives has a positive influence on growth.     

Do High-technology Exports Cause More Technology Spillover in China？

The volume of China’s high-technology exports has grown sharply since the implementation of its export promotion strategy "Revitalizing Trade through Science and Technology" in 1999.This paper investigates whether technology spillover effects are greater for hightechnology exports than for primary manufactured goods exports.We present a generalized multi-sector spillover model to identify both between spillover effects from exports towards non-exporters and within-spillover effects among export sectors.Using panel data for 31 provinces in China over the period from 1998 to 2005,we find that although high-technology export sectors have higher productivity compared with other sectors,this productivity advantage does not lead to technology spillover to both domestic sectors and other export sectors,and export technology spillover mainly derives from traditional export sectors rather than high-technology export sectors.As such findings can be largely attributed to the fact that China’s high-technology exports depend significantly on processing trade by foreign- invested firms,policy implications are discussed in relation to how to best promote the role of China’s high-technology exports during economic expansion.     

改革开放以来影响广东省外贸出口因素的实证分析

本文分析了广东省外贸出口与进口、FDI、出口对象国的经济增长及人民币名义汇率等影响因素的长期均衡关系,然后分析了短期中广东省外贸出口量对各影响因素波动的反应。得出结论:长期中,广东省出口额与外国收入、进口额、人民币名义汇率之间存在着正相关关系,而短期内进口额和人民币名义汇率对出口影响较大。     

Trade,efficiency, and growth in a cross section of countries

Trade, Efficiency and Growth in a Cross Section of Countries. —Some cross-country studies of the determinants of growth suggest only a modest role for trade policy. This study, measuring trade openness by the rate of growth of the share of exports in GDP, argues that once the possibility of outliers for trade share growth is considered, a close relationship between exports and growth emerges that works mainly through improved efficiency. This relationship proves to be robust to the inclusion of a set of commonly used right-side variables as well as the corresponding import variable.     

安徽出口商品结构与经济增长关系的实证分析

论文利用安徽省1988-2008年的工业制成品出口、初级产品出口和GDP的年度统计数据,从出口商品结构的角度出发,并利用协整理论、向量误差修正模型和格兰杰因果关系检验方法对安徽省的出口商品结构与经济增长之间的关系进行了实证分析。结果表明,安徽出口商品与经济增长之间存在着长期稳定关系,工业制成品的出口对该地区的经济增长具有单向的推动作用。据此,对进一步加大安徽出口工作力度,提出了优化出口商品结构以促进安徽省经济持续稳定增长的政策建议。     

A dynamic analysis of the impact of uncertainty on import- and/or export-led growth: The experience of Japan and the Asian Tigers

Increasing integration of the Asian Tigers with the world economy through trade has exposed their income and trade to greater uncertainty and volatility. This paper models uncertainty in trade and income and re-examines the stability of the trade-growth nexus for Japan and the Asian Tigers in a dynamic framework. We find that in a volatile environment Japan's GDP growth is only import-led while Hong Kong's GDP growth is both export and import growth-led. On the other hand, incorporating uncertainty breaks the causal link between Korea's GDP growth and trade but it does not affect Taiwan's mutually causative relationship between GDP growth, with exports and imports. Lastly, the varied qualitative and quantitative impact of volatility in imports and exports on income growth among the Asian Tigers provides further thought for policy making.     

EXPORT‐LED GROWTH HYPOTHESIS: FURTHER ECONOMETRIC EVIDENCE FROM SOUTH ASIA

This paper examines the export‐led growth (ELG) hypothesis for five South Asian countries through cointegration and multivariate Granger causality tests. Strong support for a long‐run relationship among exports, imports, and real output for all the countries except Sri Lanka were found. Feedback effects between exports and GDP for Bangladesh and Nepal and unidirectional causality from exports to output in the case of Pakistan were found. No causality between these variables was found for Sri Lanka and India, although for India GDP and exports did induce imports. A feedback effect between imports and GDP was also documented for Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal, as well as unidirectional causality from imports to output growth for Sri Lanka. These and other findings are discussed from the standpoint of the export‐led growth hypothesis.     

广东省外贸企业存在的问题及其改善途径

广东省是我国外贸大省,出口额占全国出口总额近1/3。近年来,受内外因素的影响,广东多家外贸企业倒闭。本文分析了广东省外贸企业的现状,存在的一系列问题,并提出企业可以通过以下途径来改善管理:①调整出口产品结构与整合产业链;②模仿创新与自主创新相结合;③积极培育自主品牌创新来提升其竞争力。本文创新之处在于,提出引入风险资本为广东省的企业增添活力。     

福建省经济发展和进出口贸易的研究

回顾了国内外学者对经济增长与对外贸易的关系所进行的研究,利用福建省1981-2007年国内生产总值、出口总额、进口总额的数据进行协整分析和Granger因果检验。实证分析的结果表明：①福建省国内生产总值、出口总额、进口总额之间存在长期稳定的关系。②福建省的经济增长、出口增长、进口增长之间不存在Granger因果关系。     

Exports,imports and growth: New evidence on Italy: 1863–2004

The nexus between trade and economic growth in Italy has been widely debated by historiography. However, there are no long run analyses on this topic that cover the whole span from Unification to present days. This paper contributes to fill this gap by investigating the relationship between real exports, imports and GDP in Italy from 1863 to 2004 by using cointegration analysis and causality tests. The outcome suggests that these variables comove in the long run but the direction of causality varies across time. In the period prior to the First World War import growth led GDP growth that in turn led export growth. Conversely, in the post-Second World War period we have a strong bidirectionality between imports and exports consequent on the increase in intra-industry trade. We also find a weak support for export-led growth and growth-led imports. This suggests that exports were not the only or the main driver of economic growth. There was probably a multiplicity of factors at work, among which high rates of capital formation and the expansion of internal demand probably stood out.     

Re-examining foreign direct investment,exports, and economic growth in asian economies using a bootstrap ARDL test for cointegration

This paper examines whether there is a long-run relationship among foreign direct investment (FDI), exports, and gross domestic product (GDP) in selected Asian economies. We use a newly developed cointegration test, the bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), to examine this long-run relationship. The motivation for using the bootstrap methodology is to generate and apply critical values for the ARDL test that are valid and appropriate for the specific data sets used. Further, the bootstrap tests allow for endogeneity and feedback that may exist. Pesaran et al. (2001) highlighted the possibility of degenerate cases, but empirical studies in general ignore these and may conclude that cointegration exists when it does not. Our tests fail to find evidence of cointegration when GDP is the dependent variable. The absence of a long-run forcing relation from FDI and exports to GDP implies that FDI and exports were not the sole sources of economic growth in our selected Asian economies.     

FDI对广东省经济发展的实证分析

随着经济全球化进程的加速,外商投资在广东经济发展中的作用越来越受到重视。本文从FDI与广东的GDP、就业、进出口总额和固定资产投资等方面进行实证分析,验证FDI对广东经济增长的促进作用,并在此基础上提出一些吸引外资的建议。     

辽宁省出口贸易的多因素分析

为了更好的发展辽宁省出口贸易,运用计量经济学的计量方法以及E-views软件,对辽宁省出口额、辽宁省地区生产总值、人民币汇率（人均年平均数,对美元）、居民消费价格指数、城镇新增固定资产进行回归分析,并且对模型的时间序列平稳性、多重共线性、异方差以及自相关进行检验。得出最终模型,分析表明居民消费价格指数、人民币汇率对产品出口具有很高的相关性,其次是地区生产总值,城镇新增固定资产也对辽宁出口贸易产生影响。     

Foreign outward direct investment and exports in Austrian manufacturing: Substitutes or complements?

Foreign Outward Direct Investment and Exports in Austrian Manufacturing: Substitutes or Complements? — The relationship between foreign outward direct investment and exports is crucial for assessing the impact of increased internationalization by foreign outward direct investment on a country’s welfare. Three models of trade and FDI are reviewed to generate hypotheses on their direct relationship over time as well as on common determinants. The propositions are empirically examined with time-series cross-section data for Austrian manufacturing. The results indicate a significant complementary relationship between FDI and exports in the eighties and early nineties. Moreover, long-run multipliers of exogenously increased FDI and exports are calculated. They are found to be positive but small in magnitude.     

中国与哈萨克斯坦农产品贸易研究--基于三元边际分析的视角

中国与哈萨克斯坦都是农业大国,分析中国与哈萨克斯农产品贸易增长路径,对扩大出口规模,加深两国农业合作有重要意义。本文在分析中国与哈萨克斯坦农产品贸易特征的基础上,从三元边际的角度分析了扩展边际、价格边际、数量边际对中哈两国双边农产品出口增长的贡献。研究表明:中国对哈萨克斯坦农产品出口的扩展边际保持在较高水平,价格边际持续增长,数量边际呈现"增降交替"趋势,其出口增长主要源自数量增加;哈萨克斯坦对中国农产品出口的扩展边际大幅提高,价格边际和数量边际分别呈"W型"和"倒V型"的变化趋势,出口增长主要源自种类扩展。因此,中哈两国应积极扩大农产品出口种类和数量,加快中国农业"走出去"步伐,推动双边农产品贸易高质量发展。     

THE IMPLICATIONS OF OECD GROWTH FOR SOUTH AFRICAN EXPORTS

This paper examines the role of OECD growth on South African exports using a vector error correction model. In the long run both OECD growth and the real effective exchange rate were found to influence South Africa's export performance, while in the short run, the real effective exchange rate was found to be an important driver of export growth. The policy implications that emerge from the study underscore the importance of fully exploiting current trading relationships, diversifying South African export destinations and enhancing competitiveness.     

SOUTH AFRICA'S EXPORT PERFORMANCE: DETERMINANTS OF EXPORT SUPPLY

This paper presents both a comparative analysis of South Africa's export structure and performance and an econometric investigation of the determinants of export volumes. The paper finds that the improved growth and diversification of South African manufactured exports during the 1990s lag those of East Asia and a few other resource‐based economies. This performance in part reflects relatively low world growth in resource‐based products, but factors that affect the profitability of export supply, such as the real effective exchange rate, infrastructure costs, tariff rates and skilled labour, are also shown to be important. Export demand and the ability to compete in the export market on the basis of price are not found to be a major constraint to export growth.     

广东省经济增长研究

次贷危机爆发以来,广东省经济形势严峻,GDP增长受到严重影响。究竟出口、外商直接投资、人民币实际汇率在广东经济发展中起到什么作用呢?为了研究三者对广东省GDP的影响,本文以协整理论为基础,讨论了出口总额、外商直接投资、人民币实际汇率与GDP之间的关系。结果表明:①出口的增加能够带动GDP的增长;②外商直接投资与广东省GDP长期内存在正相关关系;③人民币实际汇率虽然与GDP没有直接的显著关系,但与出口总额长期负相关,与外商直接投资长期正相关。最后,针对以上结论进行进一步分析,并提出几点意见和建议。     

Export Promotion Policies and the Crowding‐out Effect in Developing Countries*

Critics of export promotion policies have pointed out a fallacy of composition, where what is viable for a small country acting in isolation might not be viable when pursued by a group of countries simultaneously. This paper investigates the crowding‐out effect of the fallacy of composition; that is, whether developing countries that specialize in exports of manufactured products compete and crowd out one another's exports. The results of fixed‐effects panel estimation suggest that developing countries are not crowding out one another's exports. Instead, they are crowding out Western European countries’ exports of manufactured products.     

EXPORT‐LED GROWTH IN CHILE: ASSESSING THE ROLE OF EXPORT COMPOSITION IN PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH

This study examines the export‐led growth hypothesis using annual time‐series data from Chile in a production function framework. It addresses the limitations of the existing literature and focuses on the impact of manufactured and primary exports on productivity growth. In order to investigate if and how manufactured and primary exports affect economic growth via increases in productivity, several single‐equation and system cointegration techniques are applied. The estimation results can be interpreted as evidence of productivity‐enhancing effects of manufactured exports and of productivity‐limiting effects of primary exports.