2007年国土资源科技成果统计分析

通过对在国土资源部成果管理办公室登记的科技成果的系统总结,从总量、来源、类别等8个方面介绍了国土资源部科技成果的基本情况,其中有3项成果荣获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖.国上资源科学技术奖也评选出一等奖8项,二等奖58项.通过这些数据的对比、分析,提出应重视原始创新.正确处理自由探索性研究和导向性研究的关系,加大对自由探索性基础研究的支持,提高基础研究资助项目的强度,加强软科学成果的推广应用.     

两岸海洋渔业发展的困境及渔业学术合作展望

随着全球渔业资源的持续衰退和新的国际海洋制度的建立,大陆和台湾的海洋渔业都面临着一些新的挑战,如渔业资源枯竭、过度捕捞严重、作业区域日益缩小等。两岸海洋渔业面临的问题具有很大的相似性,鱼产品生产具有较强的互补性,渔业合作空间广泛。本文总结了目前两岸海洋渔业的发展困境,指出了两岸渔业合作的基础,分析了两岸在远洋渔业、水产品贸易等领域进行合作的可能性,并就进一步加强两岸渔业学术单位之间的合作进行了展望。     

我国矿产资源开发利用中的问题及对策分析

矿产资源是我国经济发展的物质基础.在矿产资源的开发利用中,进行合理的评价是资源有效开发与利用的保证.在资源相对于社会经济发展而日渐匮乏的时候,未来矿产资源开发利用的方向必须是可持续的.从可持续利用的思路,指出现阶段矿产资源开发利用中存在着产权公共化、综合利用率低、相对成本过低而贴现率过高等不合理的状况.在此基础上,探讨了产权市场化、对综合利用实施外部补贴、社会成本内部化和压缩贴现率等措施,调整矿产资源开发思路以实现矿产资源开发利用的可持续性.     

世界钾盐供需形势及我国“走出去”的方向

2005年世界钾盐产量达到3446万吨(氧化钾),消费量在3005万吨,虽然是供过于求,但产量增长速度低于消费增长速度.2005年我国钾盐表现消费为715万吨(氧化钾),2006年为652万吨,进口量依赖度为70%左右.专家预测:10年后,我国钾盐国内供应将短缺600万吨.未来我国仍需从其他国家进口大量钾盐,此外还可以考虑到加拿大、俄罗斯、白俄罗斯、德国、约旦、巴西、智利等国家去合作勘探、开采钾盐.     

近代中美农业科技交流与合作初探--以金陵大学农学院、中央大学农学院为中心

近代中美农业科技交流与合作始于 1 9世纪末。主要途径有中美两国政府、研究机构、农业学校、留学生、商人、实业家和教会传教士等。早期以商人、实业家和教会传教士为主 ,侧重于民间交流 ;后来则以政府、研究机构和农业学校等为主 ,比较正式并且有一定的规模。合作项目主要有金陵大学与康乃尔大学的中国作物改良合作计划、中美农业技术合作团、中国农具改良合作和中国农村复兴联合委员会等     

Risk and risk management in organic and conventional cash crop farming in Norway

This study presents empirical insight into organic and conventional cash crop farmers' perceptions of risk and risk management strategies, and identifies socio-economic variables linked to these perceptions. The data originate from a questionnaire survey of farmers in Norway. The results indicate that organic farmers perceived themselves to be less risk averse than conventional farmers. For both groups, crop prices and yield variability were the two top rated sources of risk, followed by institutional risks. The two groups evaluated risk management strategies quite similarly; favoured strategies were good liquidity and to prevent and reduce crop diseases and pests. The farmers' evaluation of sources of risk and choice of risk strategies depended on various socio-economic variables. The importance of institutional risks implies that policy makers should be cautious about changing policy capriciously and they should consider strategic policy initiatives that give farmers more long-term reliability.     

西部矿产资源开发利用存在的问题及对策

我国西部地区矿产资源丰富、分布集中、潜力巨大,在全国占据非常重要的主导地位.由于种种原因,在对西部矿产资源的开发利用过程中,常常会在地勘工作、资源综合利用和环境等方面遇到各种各样的问题.针对矿产资源开发利用中存在的问题,提出相应的对策.     

生态经济理论与实践进展

在阐述生态系统基本特征、生态经济学基本特点的基础上,回顾了生态经济理论的研究进展与实践进程,梳理了生态经济学的发展历程,进行了生态经济学展望。认为,生态经济学与其他经济学分支极为重要的特征是重视人与自然关系的剖析,旨在消除人对自然的剥夺;生产领域的效率损失和消费领域的过度消费,是导致生态危机的根源;生态经济学的理论内核是假定资源配置存在着社会最优解,且该解与企业最优解具有互补性。目前生态经济研究集中在生态产业、生态恢复、生态保护三个领域,研究切入点主要有三个。生态经济能否成为一种经济形态,是当前极为关注的理论问题。     

Competition and Tying in Agrichemical and Seed Markets

Genetic engineering technologies that better align crop seeds with field crop product demands and with other crop inputs are rapidly entering commercial markets. Central to the success of these new technologies are corporate strategies on product market segmentation and input interactions. Input suppliers possessed of technical advantages may seek to exploit their positions through marketing restrictions such as product tying and bundling. We interpret the economic literature on vertical restraints and use these existing results to understand the motivation and behavior of some of the participants in the evolving glyphosate and Roundup-ready soybean seed markets.     

美国、加拿大林地产权制度及森林经营管理

介绍了美国和加拿大两国的林地产权制度、公有林及私有林的森林经营制度及相关政策,并对中国的林地改革提出了建议。认为国家要集中精力于资源管护,将资源管护和产品加工彻底分离;集体林区要进一步理顺、稳定产权关系,减少行政干预,创造良好市场环境,激发民间投资林业的积极性。     

兵团在招商引资工作中应坚持的几个原则

招商引资是经济技术协作工作中的重要组成部分,经济环境不断发生变化,要求我们在招商引资工作中必须审时度势,坚持科学原则,更新招商理念,调整招商策略,创新招商方式,提高工作水平,才能达到科学、协调发展经济的目的。     

Large- and Middle-scale Farmers in the Groundnut Sector in Senegal in the Context of Liberalization and Structural Adjustment

The article presents preliminary ?ndings of a research survey on large‐and middle‐scale farmers and the groundnut sector in Senegal. The sampling of this group of producers is justi?ed on the basis of the high degree of social strati?cation and farmers’ heterogeneity existing in Senegal, and the methodological problems associated with approaches focused on the ‘ average representative farmer’. This argument leads to a task of grouping farmers into distinct classes according to capitalist tendencies, dynamism and scale of production. The core part of the article tackles the political economy of the process of agricultural liberalization and structural adjustment in Senegal and their effects on the behaviour and production conditions of the classes of large‐and middle‐scale farmers analysed in the ?rst part.     

中国农村金融市场供求失衡及均衡路径

中国农村金融市场供求失衡主要表现为金融供给难以满足金融需求,其主要原因在于农村金融需求的多样性与农村金融供给的单一性的矛盾及农村金融改革的滞后性,增加农村金融供给是均衡供求的路径选择。     

江西省森林公园休闲旅游开发问题与对策

结合江西省森林公园开发休闲旅游的优势,在阐述江西省森林公园休闲旅游开发中存在缺乏统筹规划、管理归属不清、旅游产品形式单一、资金投入不足、营销体系不健全等问题的基础上,提出了江西省森林公园休闲旅游开发的对策。     

Evo Morales and the MST in Bolivia: Continuities and Discontinuities in Agrarian Reform

There is a widespread understanding in critical scholarly literature that the government of Evo Morales is fundamentally challenging the neoliberal order in Bolivia. The empirical record of Morales' first five years in office, however, illustrates significant neoliberal continuities in the country's political economy. At the same time, the most important social movements that resisted neoliberalism prior to Morales' election have been considerably demobilized in its wake. This gives rise to the critique that the Morales government has merely implemented a more politically stable version of the model of accumulation it inherited. This paper draws on recent field research in Bolivia to make a contribution to this broader research agenda on reconstituted neoliberalism. Our focus is twofold. On the one hand, the paper examines the continuities of agrarian class relations from the INRA law at the height of neoliberalism in 1996 to the various agrarian reform initiatives introduced since Morales assumed office in 2006. On the other hand, the paper traces the mobilization of the Bolivian Landless Peasants' Movement (MST) in response to the failure of the 1996 neoliberal agrarian reform, followed by the movement's demobilization after Morales' 2006 agrarian reform initiative. The paper explores this demobilization in the context of agrarian relations that have remained largely unchanged in the same period. Finally, the paper draws on recent reflections by MST members who, to varying degrees, seem to be growing critical of Morales' failure to fundamentally alter rural class relations, and the difficulties of remobilizing their movement at the present time.     

村镇供水工程水价计算及应注意的问题

介绍了村镇供水工程水价计算方法，分析了村镇供水工程水价计算过程中应注意的问题，提出在村镇供水工程水价的核定中可以考虑实行基础水量单价和浮动水量单价双轨制试点，设定每人每月基础水量，基础水量按成本价格计收，超出定额部分按理论水价计收。     

Gender inequalities in ownership and control of land in Africa: myth and reality

Lack of clarity behind measurement and interpretation of statistics on gender and land leads to an inability to clearly articulate a policy response to the potential inequalities faced by women and men. This article sets out to explore, conceptually and empirically, the levels and relative inequalities in land rights between women and men in African countries. The first section of the article engages in a conceptual discussion of how to measure gendered‐land outcomes, what ownership and control mean in different contexts, and why attention to these factors is important for the development of gender and land statistics. The second section of the article systematically reviews existing evidence from microlevel large sample studies to summarize recent trends in land access, ownership, and control by sex. The third section presents new statistics from a variety of nationally representative and large‐scale unpublished data on gender and land in Africa. Results provide not only a nuanced understanding of the importance of measuring land indicators for gendered development in Africa and globally but also new statistics on a variety of land outcomes to aid stakeholders in the discussion of gender‐land inequalities.     

Illness and Healing in Urban Areas in Chile: Between Tradition and Cultural Adaptation

The Mapuche communities living in the urban areas of Chile have undergone radical cultural change as a result of modernization and urbanization. This article analyzes the influence of these changes on the ideas and practices of traditional Mapuche healers (machi) and patients in Temuco in Chile, and examines any changes or adaptations in perceptions of healing practices and rituals. The paper shows how an encounter with another culture, such as the dominant Chilean one, can under some conditions reinforce indigenous medicine by updating its practices and pushing it towards increased specialization in psychotherapeutic treatments.     

国土资源科技进步与可持续发展

本文探讨了国土资源科技进步与可持续发展的关系 ,科技进步实现我国现阶段可持续发展的途径 ,对可持续发展的未来进行了展望 ,并提出了若干结论和建议。     

Supermarkets and Consumers in Africa

Abstract

Supermarkets in urban Kenya have risen from a tiny niche a half decade ago to a fifth of food retail, spreading well beyond the richer consumers to derive more than a third of their sales and half of their customers from low income and poor consumers. This paper explores the patterns and determinants of purchases of the overall food category versus fresh fruits and vegetables, over Nairobi consumer income strata, for purchases from supermarkets versus traditional retailers. Implications are drawn for development programs to help farmers be strategically positioned for change in the food markets facing them.